?? ????? ?? ?'??? ??? ?????

?? ????? ?? ?'??? ??? ????? (? ????? : ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ) ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ?????, (?????? - ??? ?????) ??? ?'???? ?????' ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? . ????? , ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ^[1], ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ^[2].

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ???? ???? 699 ?????? ??????? ????, (??? ?????? ????'??) ? ???? ?? ????? ^[3], ??? ???? 767 ? ????? ^[4]. ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????? - ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ^[5]. ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????, ?????? ???? ? ????? ( ???????? ) ????? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???. ??????, ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? '??????' ^[6]. ????, ?'??? ??? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ^[7].

?????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ???, ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ^[8]. ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???, ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????????, ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? '?? ????', ?????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????? , ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ? 18 ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ????? 738 ?????? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ^[7]. ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ^[7].

????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??, ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ^[9]. ????? ??????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ^[10].

??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????. ???? ???? ????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??'??? ?-???? ? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ^[10].

????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 750 ????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????. ??? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? . ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ^[11]. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ??. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ^[7].

?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????. (????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????) ^[12]. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????, ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ???????, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????; ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ^[13]. ???, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????. ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???, ???? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ^[14].

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???'?? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ^[15]. ???? ??, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????, ???? ??? ???? ^[9].

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????: ????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? . ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???, ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ^[16]. ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ^[17].

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??-???? ??-????

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????, ????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????'?????. ???????: ?????? ???????, ????? ?????: ?????? ????? (?? ????: ???? ????? ???? 1995).
?????, ??? ???, ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (???????: ????? ????, 1968).

Abu Zahra, Muhammad, The Four Imams: Their Lives, Works and their Schools of Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001).
Cook Michael, The Early Muslim Dogma (New York: Cambridge university press 1981).
Jackson, Roy, Fifty key figures in Islam (New York: Routledge, 2006).
Powers, David, Spectorsky, Susan, Arabi, Oussama, Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists (Leiden: BRILL, 2013).
"Abu Hanifa", Encyclopedia Britannica, 1998 Edition.
"Ab? ?an?fa al-Nu?m?n", Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2006 Second Edition.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?'??? ??? ????? ? ??????????

?? ????? ?? ?'??? ??? ????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Roy Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam (New York: Routledge, 2006), p.26.
^ Roy Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam (New York: Routledge, 2006), p.25.
^ Muhammad Abu Zahra, The Four Imams: Their Lives, Works and their Schools of Thought, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001), p.6.
^ David Powers, Susan Spectorsky, Oussama Arabi, Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists, (Leiden: BRILL, 2013), P.11.
^ ???? ???? , ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????'?????. ???????: ?????? ???????, ????? ?????: ?????? ????? (?? ????: ???? ????? ???? 1995), ??' 110.
^ The entry "Ab? ?an?fa al-Nu?m?n", Encyclopaedia of Islam , Vol 1, pp. 124 ? 123, 2006 Second Edition.
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Powers, Spectorsky & Arabi, Islamic Legal Thought, p.11.
^ Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.8.
^ ¹ ² The entry "Abu Hanifa", Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 1, pp. 45 - 46, 1998 Edition.
^ ¹ ² Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam, p.27.
^ Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.14.
^ ??? ?????-??? , ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (???????: ????? ????, 1968), ??' 169.
^ Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.18.
^ Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam, p.29.
^ Michael Cook, The Early Muslim Dogma, (New York: Cambridge university press 1981), p. 30
^ ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????. ??? ??????: Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p. 29.
^ Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.20.

[1] Roy Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam (New York: Routledge, 2006), p.26.

[2] Roy Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam (New York: Routledge, 2006), p.25.

[3] Muhammad Abu Zahra, The Four Imams: Their Lives, Works and their Schools of Thought, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001), p.6.

[4] David Powers, Susan Spectorsky, Oussama Arabi, Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists, (Leiden: BRILL, 2013), P.11.

[5] ???? ???? , ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????'?????. ???????: ?????? ???????, ????? ?????: ?????? ????? (?? ????: ???? ????? ???? 1995), ??' 110.

[6] The entry "Ab? ?an?fa al-Nu?m?n", Encyclopaedia of Islam , Vol 1, pp. 124 ? 123, 2006 Second Edition.

[Powers,11-7] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Powers, Spectorsky & Arabi, Islamic Legal Thought, p.11.

[8] Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.8.

[abu-9] ¹ ² The entry "Abu Hanifa", Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 1, pp. 45 - 46, 1998 Edition.

[Jackson,27-10] ¹ ² Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam, p.27.

[11] Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.14.

[12] ??? ?????-??? , ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (???????: ????? ????, 1968), ??' 169.

[13] Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.18.

[14] Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam, p.29.

[15] Michael Cook, The Early Muslim Dogma, (New York: Cambridge university press 1981), p. 30

[16] ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????. ??? ??????: Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p. 29.

[17] Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.20.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]