??-???'? ?-????

??-???'? ?-????
???? ?????? ???? ??????
????	29 ??????? 1926 ; ???? ?? ???? , ??????? ???????
?????	25 ????? 2019 (???? 92) ; Military hospital of Tunis , ???????
?????	???????
???? ?????	??? ?????? ?'???
?????	Paris Faculty of Law and Economics ; ??? ???? ??-??????? ;
?????	???? ?????
?? ?? ?? ???	???'??? ????? ?????
	31 ?????? 2014 ? 25 ????? 2019 ; (4 ????)
	→ ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ←
	27 ??????? 2011 ? 24 ?????? 2011 ; (301 ????)
	27 ??????? 2011 ? 24 ?????? 2011 ; (301 ????)
	15 ?????? 1981 ? 15 ??????? 1986 ; (5 ????)
	15 ?????? 1981 ? 15 ??????? 1986 ; (5 ????)
????? ??????
	???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ( 8 ??????? 2017 ) ; ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ( 4 ??????? 2015 ) ; ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ( 15 ??????? 2019 ) ; ???? ??? ???? ( 29 ???? 2019 ) ; ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ( 1 ???????? 1969 , ???????? ????? ) ; ?????? ???? ??? ??-???? ;
?????

????? ??-???'? ???? ?-???? (? ????? : ???? ?????? ???? ?????? , ????? ?????: ???? ?????'? ???'? ??????; 29 ??????? 1926 ? 25 ????? 2019 ) ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ? ????? 2014 ??? ????. ???? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ????? 1981 ?-1986 ?? ??? ?????? ??????? 2011 ??? ????? 2011. ?-???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? , ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? 2014. ?????? 2014 ??? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????.

???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?-???? ???? ?- 29 ??????? 1926 ?????? ???? ??-???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???-???, ??????? ???? ?-????, ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? , ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????'????? .

??-???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????.

???? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ??????? ?? ?-???? ????????? ????? ?- 1941 , ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????-??? . ^[1]^[2] ??? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ?- 1952 , ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? , ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ???? 1956 . ?- 1957 ?? 1971 , ??? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ?-5 ????? 1965 ?? 8 ??????? 1969, ???? ??? ?????? , ?? ????? ?-7 ??????? 1969 ?-12 ????? 1970 ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???????? 1971 ?? ????? 1972 ??? ??? ? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ? ????? . ?????? 1981 ??? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? 1986. ^[3]

?-1987 ??? ????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??-?????? ?? ??? , ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?- 1990 ??? 1991 ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? .

???? ????? ???? ?-2011 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?- 27 ??????? 2011 , ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?'????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? , ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ???, ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?-???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?"??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???, ????? ?????????? ???, ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????". ?? ???, ???????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?-????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ??-???? ???? ???????? ???.

?- 5 ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?-???'?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?-???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ??????? ????? ? ??????? , ??'?? ???? ?? ?-???? "????", ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???. ?-???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??'?? ????? ???? "????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????", ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???"? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?- 8 ???? ????? ???. ????? ???, ??? ????? ?-????, ???? ?'????? , ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? "????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????".

???? ??????? ????????, ?-???? ??? ?? ?????? ?- 24 ?????? 2011 , ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??-?'???? ?????? ?-????, ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????.

??????? ??????? 2014 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ?-???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????, ????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? 2014 . ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ? ?????? 2014. ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ?????? ?-???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ?-55.68% ?????? ???????.

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??-???'? ?-???? ????? ????? ?- 31 ?????? 2014. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? "????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????" ?????? ?? ??????? ?? "???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????". ?-25 ????? 2019, ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?-???? ???? 92. ^[4]

???? 2021, ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?-???? ???????????? ??? ??-???? ?????, ??? ??????? ???? ?'??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? 2019. ^[5]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ??-???'? ?-???? ? ??????????

??-???'? ?-???? , ???? ??????? ??? ( ?????? )
??-???'? ?-???? , ???? " Find a Grave " (???????)
???'? ???? ?-???? - ????? ???? ?????!

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ President Essebsi, a lifetime in Tunisia politics , ‏???? ????????, 14 ?????? 2014
^ Essebsi retrouve ses racines a Hammam-Lif ! , ‏ (???????) , ???? "espacemanager",‏ 20 ???????? 2014
^ Beji Caid Essebsi , ‏???? jeuneafrique, ?-15 ???? 2005
^ Tunisian President Beji Caid Essebsi, the country's first democratically elected leader, has died at 92, his office says , spectrumnews1.com (???????)
^ ????? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ??? ????? , 1 ?????? 2022

[1] President Essebsi, a lifetime in Tunisia politics , ‏???? ????????, 14 ?????? 2014

[2] Essebsi retrouve ses racines a Hammam-Lif ! , ‏ (???????) , ???? "espacemanager",‏ 20 ???????? 2014

[3] Beji Caid Essebsi , ‏???? jeuneafrique, ?-15 ???? 2005

[4] Tunisian President Beji Caid Essebsi, the country's first democratically elected leader, has died at 92, his office says , spectrumnews1.com (???????)

[5] ????? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ??? ????? , 1 ?????? 2022

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]