????? ?????

????? ????? (? ?????? : Opera comique ) ??? ???? ????? , ?????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ??'??????? , ???? ? ????? . ????? ?-opera comiques en vaudevilles ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?'????? ??? ???? (?????? ????? ?-Comedie- ^[1]. Italienne). ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ?? ?? ???, ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? "????? ?????", ?????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ??, ?????-????? , ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????, ???? ?? ???? , ????? ?"????? ?????" ???????? ?????, ??? ?????? . ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?-18 ?? ? ????? ???? ? ??????? , ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????? (???? ???? ???? ?? ?-opera bouffe ?? ???? ?-19 ) ^[2].

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?-18 . ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ^[1],???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???? ???? ???. ? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????, ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ^[1]. ? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?-14 ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ??? ???? ?-14 ???? 1715 , ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ^[3]. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ?? ????????? ???????? ????, ??? ? ????? ????? , ???? ???? ???? ???????. ?? ?? ????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????, "????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??." ^[4]

"??? ??????" [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? "??? ??????", ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?'?? ?????? , ??????? ??????, "???? ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? "????? ?????" ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????." ^[1]??? ?"??? ???????" ???? ??? "??????, ?????? ?????, ???????-????, ????? ?????, ???? ?????... ?-comedie melee d'ariettes (?????? ?????? ??????)".- ^[5]

??????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????????? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? "????? ?????", (?? "????? ?????"), ???????. ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? "????? ?????" ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ^[6], ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?"????? ?????" ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ^[2]. ?????? ?. ????? ????'?? ?????? ????, ????? ???? "????? ?????" ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????, ??????, ?"?????? ??????" ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?-19 , ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????. ?? ???, ??? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ??????? ???? ^[1]. .

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?-18, "????? ?????" ????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? "????" ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ??? "????? ?????" ?"?????" ???? ???? ??????? ^[2].

??? ??? ?????? ??? "????? ?????" ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??'??????. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? "????? ?????" ? ????? ????? . ?? ?"????? ?????" ???????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? "????? ?????" ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????. ??? ????, ??? ??? ????? ??????? (de rigueur) ??????, ??? ?? ?"????? ?????", ??????? ????????? ???? ???????, ??????? ????? ???????. (de rigueur ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????.) "????? ?????" ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? "???" ????, ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????. "????? ?????" ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ^[1].

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ????? ?? "????? ?????", ??? ????? ??? ??'?? ?. ???? ????? "?????? ?? ????: ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? ?????? " ??? ????-??? ????'. ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ??? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?"????? ?????" ?????? ????. ?? ???? ?"??? ?????? ?????????" ^[4]. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????' Les couplets en proces ????? ?? ??-?'???.

??????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ??????, ?? "??????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? (????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????) ???????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ????" ??? ??? ?????? ???, ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??. ????? "?????, ???????" ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??"???? ?????" ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ^[7]. ?? ?????? ?"????? ?????" ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???.

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

"????? ?????" ??? ???????-?????? ???????? (1825)
"??? ???????" ??? ????? ???? (1830)
????? ??? ???? ???? (1859)
???? ??? ?'???' ???? (1875)
"?????" ??? ???? ???? (1883)

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ M. Elizabeth C. Bartlet and Richard Langham Smith. "Opera comique." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 19 Nov. 2009 http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43715
^ ¹ ² ³ John Warrack, Nicholas Temperley "opera comique" The Oxford Companion to Music. Ed. Alison Latham. Oxford University Press, 2002. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Brigham Young University (BYU). 13 October 2009 http://www.oxfordreference.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t114.e4850
^ Richard Somerset-Ward, Kiri Te Kanawa The Story of Opera New York : Abrams 1998
^ ¹ ² Daniel Heartz ; John A Rice From Garrick to Gluck : essays on opera in the age of Enlightenment Hillsdale, N.Y. : Pendragon Press 2004
^ Charlton, David Gretry and the growth of opera-comique Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press 1986
^ “Opera comique.” The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. rev. Ed. Michael Kennedy. Oxford Music Online. 18 Nov. 2009 < http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t237/e7488 >.
^ Gallo, Denise P. Opera : the basics New York : Routledge, 2006

[oxfordmusiconline.com-1] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ M. Elizabeth C. Bartlet and Richard Langham Smith. "Opera comique." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 19 Nov. 2009 http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43715

[oxfordreference.com.erl.lib.byu.edu-2] ¹ ² ³ John Warrack, Nicholas Temperley "opera comique" The Oxford Companion to Music. Ed. Alison Latham. Oxford University Press, 2002. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Brigham Young University (BYU). 13 October 2009 http://www.oxfordreference.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t114.e4850

[3] Richard Somerset-Ward, Kiri Te Kanawa The Story of Opera New York : Abrams 1998

[ReferenceA-4] ¹ ² Daniel Heartz ; John A Rice From Garrick to Gluck : essays on opera in the age of Enlightenment Hillsdale, N.Y. : Pendragon Press 2004

[5] Charlton, David Gretry and the growth of opera-comique Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press 1986

[6] “Opera comique.” The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. rev. Ed. Michael Kennedy. Oxford Music Online. 18 Nov. 2009 < http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t237/e7488 >.

[7] Gallo, Denise P. Opera : the basics New York : Routledge, 2006

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