???
????????????
????????
?????? ?
????
?????
????? ?????
. ???? ??????? ?? ???
?????? ?????? ?????
.
??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? 48
?????? ???????
, ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?????
[1]
.
??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??
????? ?????
?
?????? ???????????
????
??????????? ??????
[2]
.
?????? ???
???????????? ????
??? ????:
????
|
?????
|
??? ?????
|
???? ????????? ????
?'???"?
[3]
|
????/?
|
?????/?? ?? ????/? ????? ?????
|
?????
|
????? ???????
???? 2022
|
??????? - ???? ???????? ??????
|
????
|
1924
|
14,405
|
???? ????
|
???? ????????
(???? ???? ?????)
|
?????
???? ?????? ??????? ?
???? ????
, ??????? ?????? ????? ?
?? ????
, ????? ?
???? ?????? ???"?
|
83
|
??????????? ?????? ????????
|
???????
|
1925
|
21,818
|
??? ???
|
???? ???
|
????? ??????? ???????? (
?? ?????
,
???? ??
?
??? ???
),
??????? ???????
?
??? ???? ?????????
?
??????
,
????? ????
?
??? ???
???
????? ????-??????????? ????? ??? ?????
|
77
|
???? ????? ????
(
????? ???????
)
|
??????
|
1949
|
1,251
|
???? ??
|
??? ????
(??? ?????)
|
??????
???? ???
????? ????
|
83
|
?????????? ??-????
|
??? ??
|
1955
|
19,819
|
???? ???
|
????? ????
|
?????? ?? ??
??????? ?????? ????
|
301-400
|
?????????? ?? ????
|
?? ????-???
|
1956
|
27,265
|
????? ????
|
??? ?????
|
|
151-200
|
?????????? ????
|
????
|
1963
|
17,480
|
??? ?????
|
??? ??????
|
???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ?-2017 ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????
???? ??????
??????? ?
????? ????
??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???"?
|
501-600
|
?????????? ??-?????? ????
|
??? ???
|
1969
|
18,428
|
????? ????????
|
???? ?????
|
??????? ?????? ?
??? ????
??????
|
401-500
|
??????????? ??????
|
?????
|
1976
|
52,102
|
???? ????
|
??? ?????
(???? ??????)
|
????? ???? ?
?????
, ?-70 ?????-????? ????? ????
|
?? ??????
|
?????????? ????? ???????
|
?????
|
1982
(?????? ???????????
[4]
?-
2012
)
|
13,541
|
????? ??????
|
????? ??????
|
???? 2012, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????
|
?? ??????
|
?????????? ??????
|
??????
|
1994
(?????? ???????????
[5]
?-
2021
)
|
8,607
|
???? ????
|
???? ??????
(???? ?????)
|
?-17 ??????? 2021, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? "
????? ????????? ??????
" ?
?????????? ?????
, ?????? ????? ??????
|
?? ??????
|
????
??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?????:
???????
, ?
?????????? ????
.
????
2005
????? ?????
????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?
????
[6]
[7]
; ????? ????
?????????? ??-????
?????
??? ??? ??????
, ???? ???? ????????
???"?
(
2011
) ?????
??????? ?????? ????
???? ??-????
[8]
.
???? ?-
2021
, ??? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??
???????????? ????????
, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???
????? ?????? ???????
?????? ??????
?????? ?????? ????? ??????
[9]
. ???? 2021 ????
?????????? ??????
?
?????????? ??????
??????? ??????? ??????.
????
2020
?????? ?????
???? ??????? ??????
????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????, ???? ???? "????? ?'?????". ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????
[10]
.
?-2018 ????? ??? ????? ?????
?????????? ?????
.
[11]
[12]
???? ???? 2018, 49.9% ??????????? ??? ??????? 25 ?? 64 ??????? ????? ????? (???? ??????). ?????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????
[13]
.
?????? ????????? ?????? ?"
??????? ????????? ??????
".
?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ???????:
- ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????
????? ???????
, ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????
[14]
.
- ?
???? ???
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???? ?????
????
?????????? ??-?????? ????
, ??? ?? ????
???? ??????
???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????????? ????. ?
?????? ??????
?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????, ??
?????? ??????
??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ??????? ?/??
???? ?????
????
??????????? ??????
[15]
.
- ?????, ??????
?????? ???????
???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????:
?????? ?????
, ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??-?????? ????, ?????? ??????, ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??
???
?
????? ??????
???? ???????,
?????? ?????
, ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??-??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????
?????? ?????
??????
?????????????
???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
- ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????, ???
??? ??????
???? ??????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????
[16]
.
- ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???"? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????
[17]
.
???? ???? 2019, ??? ?-56 ??? ?????? ??-34 ??? ????? ????????????? ????????.
[18]
38% ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??-??????, ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????.
[18]
???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????.
????
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[18]
?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?-240 ??? ?"?.
[18]
?????? ?
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, 2005.
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- ???? ??????-????, ?
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,
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- ???? ????,
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- ^
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