???????????? ??????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????
????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? , ?????? ???? 1913

??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? . ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? .

??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? 48 ?????? ??????? , ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? [1] .

??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? [2] .

????????????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ????:

???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?'???"? [3] ????/? ?????/?? ?? ????/? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? 2022
??????? - ???? ???????? ?????? ???? 1924 14,405 ???? ???? ???? ???????? (???? ???? ?????) ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ???? , ??????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ???? , ????? ? ???? ?????? ???"? 83
??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 1925 21,818 ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ( ?? ????? , ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ), ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ? ?????? , ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????-??????????? ????? ??? ????? 77
???? ????? ???? ( ????? ??????? ) ?????? 1949 1,251 ???? ?? ??? ???? (??? ?????) ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? 83
?????????? ??-???? ??? ?? 1955 19,819 ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? 301-400
?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????-??? 1956 27,265 ????? ???? ??? ?????   151-200
?????????? ???? ???? 1963 17,480 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ?-2017 ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???"? 501-600
?????????? ??-?????? ???? ??? ??? 1969 18,428 ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?????? 401-500
??????????? ?????? ????? 1976 52,102 ???? ???? ??? ????? (???? ??????) ????? ???? ? ????? , ?-70 ?????-????? ????? ???? ?? ??????
?????????? ????? ??????? ????? 1982 (?????? ??????????? [4] ?- 2012 ) 13,541 ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? 2012, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????
?????????? ?????? ?????? 1994 (?????? ??????????? [5] ?- 2021 ) 8,607 ???? ???? ???? ?????? (???? ?????) ?-17 ??????? 2021, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? " ????? ????????? ?????? " ? ?????????? ????? , ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????

???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?????: ??????? , ? ?????????? ???? .

???? 2005 ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ? ???? [6] [7] ; ????? ???? ?????????? ??-???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? , ???? ???? ???????? ???"? ( 2011 ) ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??-???? [8] .

???? ?- 2021 , ??? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???????? , ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? [9] . ???? 2021 ???? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????.

???? 2020 ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????, ???? ???? "????? ?'?????". ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? [10] .

?-2018 ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? . [11] [12]

???? ????????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????
??? ???? ????????? ?????
1948 ?-1,600
1958 ?-9,000
1970 ?-35,000
1980 ?-56,000
1990 ?-76,000
2000 ?-166,000
2006 ?-245,000
2013 ?-300,600
????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?????????? ?? ????
?????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??-????
?????????? ??-?????? ????
????? ????, ?????????? ????

???? ???? 2018, 49.9% ??????????? ??? ??????? 25 ?? 64 ??????? ????? ????? (???? ??????). ?????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? [13] .

?????? ????????? ?????? ?" ??????? ????????? ?????? ".

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ???????:

  • ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? , ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? [14] .
  • ? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ??-?????? ???? , ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????????? ????. ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ??????? ?/?? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? [15] .
  • ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????: ?????? ????? , ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??-?????? ????, ?????? ??????, ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????? , ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??-??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
  • ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? [16] .
  • ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???"? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? [17] .

????? ????????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? 2019, ??? ?-56 ??? ?????? ??-34 ??? ????? ????????????? ????????. [18] 38% ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??-??????, ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????. [18] ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????.

???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? , ???? ????, ??????? ??? ? ??????? ?? ?????? . ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? 2019 ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?-55% ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? 22%. [18]

?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?-240 ??? ?"?. [18]

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ?" ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ", ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?" ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????????? ".

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • ??? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????: ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 2004-1952 , ????? ?????? ?????? , 2005.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????????

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