???? ?????

??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ???? ????? (?????) .

" ???? ????? " ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? (????, ???, ??? ??????) ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????. ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? (?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ) ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???.

???? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ??????? ?????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????; ??????? ???? ?????? ???????.
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????.
?? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ^[^{???? ????
]}.

??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? 1462 ? ??? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ? ???'???? , ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????'????? ????? ??????? ????.

???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? . ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? " ????? ????? " ?? ??????? , ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? .

??? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ????? 1941 ?????? " ???? ??????? ", ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? . ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? "???? ?????" ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 1945 .

???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? 1956 , ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??"? ?? ??????? ???? ???. ???? 601 ????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??"? ?????? ??? ??. ????? ???? " ???? ????? ", ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???"?, ?????? ????? '????? ????, ???? ?? ????, ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???'.

??????? 1991 ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? , ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???, ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????.

???? ?'??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? 54 ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?'??? ??????? ???? 1977. ???? ???????? ?????:

???? ?????, ?????, ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????, ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ???? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????, ??????, ??? ???, ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ?? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ???. ^[1]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ???, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.

???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???.

?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Protocol 1: Additional to the Geneva Conventions, 1977, Part IV: Civilian Population, Section 1: General Protection Against Effects of Hostilities, Chapter III: Civilian Objects, Article 54: Protection of Objects Indispensable to the Survival of the Civilian Population

[1] Protocol 1: Additional to the Geneva Conventions, 1977, Part IV: Civilian Population, Section 1: General Protection Against Effects of Hostilities, Chapter III: Civilian Objects, Article 54: Protection of Objects Indispensable to the Survival of the Civilian Population

[1]