한국   대만   중국   일본 
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??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? . ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????????? ?? ? ?? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?????? (cuprum) ????? ??? ???.

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??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? . ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????????? , ???? ??11,500 ????. ?? ??? ???????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ???? ??10,500 ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?' ? ???? ?? ???? ????? . ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? (???? ?????????? ???????) ????? ???? ??. ??? ? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? , ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? , ????? ? ?????? , ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? , ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????. [1]

???? 2004 , ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ????????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ???7500 ????"?. ?????, ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? , ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? 9500 ???, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. [2]

????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????, ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ??? 9000 ??10,500 ????, ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?'. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ???? ??????. [3]

????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ( ??' ) ? ?????

? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ( ??' ) ????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. [4] ??????? ??: [5]

?? ???? (????"?)
?????? ????????? ?????? I

(????? ??????? ?????? I)

2500?2075
?????? ????????? ?????? II

(????? ??????? ?????? II)

2075?2000
?????? ????????? ?????? III

(????? ??????? ?????? III)

2000?1900
?????? ????????? ??????? I

(????? ??????? ??????? I)

1900?1800
?????? ????????? ??????? II

(????? ??????? ??????? II)

1800?1725
?????? ????????? ??????? III

(????? ??????? ??????? III)

1725?1600
?????? ????????? ??????? I

(????? ??????? ??????? I)

1600?1450
?????? ????????? ??????? II

(????? ??????? ??????? II)

1450?1200
?????? ????????? ??????? III

(????? ??????? ??????? III)

1200?1050
?????? ??????????????? I 1050?950
?????? ??????????????? II 950?900
?????? ??????????????? III 900?750
?????? ????????????? I 750?600
?????? ????????????? II 600?480
?????? ????????????? I 480?400
?????? ????????????? II 400?310

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

עמוד ראשי
 ??? ?? ? ?????
????? ??????? ???????
?? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? (Red polished ware)

??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? , ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. [6] ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????? ????????????, ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ????? , ????? , ???????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. [7]

?????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??16?15 ????"?, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????. [8] ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????, ???? ?????? ( ??' ) . ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ????; ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. [8] ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? (??????? 1600 ????"? ), ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??15 ????"? . [9]

????? 1200 ? 1300 ????"? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? . ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? . ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ????? , ?????? ? ?????? (????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? [8] ).

? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ?????? , ??? ????? ????? ???? , ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????????, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??, ????? ??????? ????? "?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????". [10] ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? , ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ?? ????? ????? ???????? . ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? 1200 ????"?.

????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????, ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? , ??? ??? ???? ???? , ???? ?????? ??? ????.

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? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? 1200?1000 ????"?, (?? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??14 ????"?). ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? (1100 ????"?) ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ???????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ( ??' ) ??????? ?????????. [11]

?????? ?????? ???????? ??????

? ??? ??8 ????"? (??? ???? ??) ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? (???? ???????? ??????? ??????), ??? ??? (?????) , ???????? [?] , ???? (???????) , ??? (?????) ? ??? (?????) , ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??11 ????"?. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ( ??' ) ? ????? .

??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ??8 ????"? ????? ??? ? ??? ??11 ????"? . ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??12 ???8. ???? ???, ????? ???? ??8 ( ?????? ????????? ) ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???, ??? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????.

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???????? ??????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????, ????? ???????, ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????. [12] ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? 1845 , ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? (??? ???? ??? ????? 722?705 ????"?); [13] ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? "??" ??????/????? (??? ?????? ?????? ????????) ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. [14] ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????. [15] ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? , ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? (???????), ?????? ?? ??? ????. [16] ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??; [17] ??? ????????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? . [18] ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????, ???? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???????????? , ???? ???????: ???????? (??????, ?????) ??? ???? , ??????? (???????, ?????) ??? ????? ( ??' ) , ????/???? (???) ??? ????? , ???????? (??????????, ?????) ??? ???? , ????, ???? (???) ??? ????? , ???? (?????, ?????) ??? ?????? ( ??' ) , ????? (??????, ?????) ??? ??? , ????? (??????? ????? ?? ???) ??? ?????????? [?] , ???????? (????????, ?????) ??? ???? ??????? (??????, ?????) ??? ????? ( ??' ) . [19] ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? (668?627 ????"?) ??? ????? , ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? (??? ?? ???????? ???? ? ???? ) ????? "?? ???" ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. [20]

???????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? 669 ????"?, ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? . ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? 545 ????"?. ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??4 ????"? , ?????? ??????, ??? ???????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ????? ??????? ??350 ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??344.

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??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? 332 ????"?, ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? . ???? 321 ????"? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? . ???? ??? ??? (312 ????"?) ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????, ?? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ??306 ??294 ????"?, ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? 58 ????"?. [21] ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? , ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????????? , ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ????.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??58 ????"?. ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? . ?? ?? ??????? , ??????? ??????? ????? , ?????? ? ???????? ?????? , ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???. ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?????, ?? ??30 ????"? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?????? . ??? 22 ????"? ??? ??? ???? ?????.

????? 115?117 ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??240,000 ?????? ???. ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? , ????? ?? ??? ???????? .

???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??4. ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ???.

???????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??4 ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? , ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? '??? ????????', ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????

????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? , ???? (??? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ) ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? . ???? ????? ? ???? ??????? (13, 4?5): "???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? (??? ???? ???????? ) ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? (???????)? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????."

????? ???? ?-5 , ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ?? 431 .

??? ??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ??????? ? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ???? 650 ???? ?????? ??? ????????, ?? ?? 688 ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?'??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? 300 ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ???? ?????.

??? ?? ???? ?? ??? 965 , ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????. ???? 1185, ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????, ???? ???????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???.

? ??? ??12 ??? ??? ??? ? ?????? . ???'?? ??????, ??? ?????? , ??? ? ?????? ?? 1 ????? 1191 , ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????, ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???'?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? (????? ?? ???'??, ????, ???? ?????? ???????), ????? ??? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ???'?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??12 ???? 1192. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?'?? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ???'?? ????? ????? ???? ??? .

???? ?? ???'?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ???????? (????? ???? ????). ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ?? ???????? , ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? . ?? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? "?????? ??????, ??? ???????". ??? ???? ?? ' ????? ??????? ', ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ?????? . ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? 1196 , ????? ??????? ???????, ? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.

??? ??????? ???????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????, ??? ??????? , ????? ???? ??????? ????? "?????? ??????, ??? ???????" ?? ??? ??????? ????? , ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? . ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???, ??? ???????, ? ??????? ?????, ????? ????????, ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????, ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????, ?????? ? ????????? , ?????? ?????? ???, (??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??), ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

???? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? 1217 ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??, ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ?'?? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ??????? . ??????? 1228 ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????, ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? , ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??'?? ???????, ???? ??????, ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????, ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?'?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????.

???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????, ????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ??????? ???? ???, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??? , ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? .

????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?"????????", ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???.

????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 1233 , ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? 1268 , ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ? ?????? , ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? . ????? ???? ??14 ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?'???? ??? ?????? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????. ??1426 ???? ? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ?? 1489 , ?????? ?? ' ????????? ?? ????? ' ?? ???. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? . ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ????????????????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????'????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? 1571 . 20,000 ?????? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???.

??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ??????? ??????? (1821?1832), ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????'????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????????????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??????? ????'?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????. 486 ?????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ??9 ????? 1821, ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????????? ????????? ????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ??? " ?????? " ("?????"). ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? 1830 , ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????'?????.

???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ??12 ????? 1878

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??????? ???????

?????? ????'????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? 1878 , ?? ?????? ???? ??????? . ????'?????, ?????? ? ????? ????'??????????? (1877?1878), ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????? . ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????, ????? ???? ??? ? ???? ??????? , ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????. ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? , ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????'?????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????.

?????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? , ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???.

??? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????? , ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ?'??????' (????? ?? ????).

???? 1925, ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.

??? ????? 1955 ?? 1959 ????? ??????????????? ??????? (?????? ???????? ????? ) ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????. ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???, ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????, ?????? '????????? ?? ???????', ???? 1960 .

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??1960, ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???. ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ?????, ?????? 30% ????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? (???? ?? ?? ???? ??????????). ? ????????? ??????? ?????? (???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???) ???? ????? ?????? ???'?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ? ?????? ????? ???????.

???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???, ? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ????, ???? 1964 , ?????? ????? ??"? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????. ???? 1974 , ??????????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????, [22] ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????.

??????? ????????????, ??????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????. [23] ???? 2010 ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. [24]

??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 1974

???????, ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? 1975 , ?????? ??? '?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????'. ??? ???? ???????? ???????, ' ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ', ?? 15 ??????? 1983 . ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???"? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?? ?? ????? ????????? , ???????? ??????? (?????? ?????? ???????) ????? ???????? ???? ???, ??? ???? ?? 1974.

???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ??? ?????. ???? 2002 ??? ???"? ???"? , ???? ???? , ???? ????? ?? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???. ???? 2004 , ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????? ???. [25] ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???"?, ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? , ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????. [26]

???? 2004 ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? [27] , ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ??? ???? 2008 , ??????? ?? ????? ?????????. [28] ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? , ???? 2008, ?" ???? ??????? ?????" .

????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??21 ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? 2021, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? , ??? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ????????. [29]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ Knapp, A. B. (2013). The archaeology of Cyprus: from earliest prehistory through the Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press.
  2. ^ ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? - ????? ????? , ???? ????? ‏, 9 ?????? 2004
  3. ^ Stone Age wells found in Cyprus , BBC News, ‏35.6.2009
  4. ^ ?????? ???, ????? ????????, ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? , ???????? ???? ? ???????? ???? ??????, 2011, ??' 11?12, ???"?  978-965-535-013-5
  5. ^ ?????? ???, ????? ????????, ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? , ???????? ???? ? ???????? ???? ??????, 2011, ??' 7, ???"?  978-965-535-013-5
  6. ^ Maria Giulia Amadasi, Jose-Angel Zamora, The Phoenician Name of Cyprus: New Evidence from Early Hellenistic Times , Journal of Semitic Studies 63, 2018, ??' 89 doi : 10.1093/jss/fgx037
  7. ^ A. Bernard Knapp, An Alashiy an Merchant at Ugarit , Tel Aviv 10, 1983, ??' 40
  8. ^ 1 2 3 A. Bernard Knapp, An Alashiy an Merchant at Ugarit , Tel Aviv 10, 1983, ??' 43
  9. ^ John Strange, Caphtor/Keftiu: A New Investigation , Brill Archive, 1980-01-01
  10. ^ The Modern Antiquarian: Cydonia , www.themodernantiquarian.com
  11. ^ Maria Giulia Amadasi, Jose-Angel Zamora, The Phoenician Name of Cyprus: New Evidence from Early Hellenistic Times , Journal of Semitic Studies 63, 2018, ??' 80, 89 doi : 10.1093/jss/fgx037
  12. ^ Maria Giulia Amadasi, Jose-Angel Zamora, The Phoenician Name of Cyprus: New Evidence from Early Hellenistic Times , Journal of Semitic Studies 63, 2018, ??' 79 doi : 10.1093/jss/fgx037
  13. ^ Grant Frame, The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721?705 BC) , Eisenbrauns, 2021, ??' 402?409
  14. ^ Grant Frame, The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721?705 BC) , Eisenbrauns, 2021, ??' 82 (???? ???? ?? ???' 107?108)
  15. ^ Maria Giulia Amadasi, Jose-Angel Zamora, The Phoenician Name of Cyprus: New Evidence from Early Hellenistic Times , Journal of Semitic Studies 63, 2018, ??' 89 doi : 10.1093/jss/fgx037
  16. ^ A. Kirk Grayson, Jamie Novotny, The royal inscriptions of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (704-681 BC). Part 2 , Eisenbrauns, 2014, ??' 48 (???? ???? ?? ???' 69, 74 ??79)
  17. ^ Erle Leichty, The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC) , Eisenbrauns, 2011, ??' 135
  18. ^ Erle Leichty, The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC) , Eisenbrauns, 2011, ??' 23?24 (???? ???? ?? ???' 46)
  19. ^ Karen Radner, The many kingdoms of Cyprus , Assyrian empire builders (University College London), ‏2012
  20. ^ Jamie Novotny, Joshua Jeffers, The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668?631 BC), A??ur-etel-il?ni (630?627 BC), and Sin-?arra-i?kun (626?612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 1 , Eisenbrauns, 2018, ??' 116?117 (???? ???? ???' 141?142). ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? (?? ?? ??? ???' 107).
  21. ^ Maria Giulia Amadasi, Jose-Angel Zamora, The Phoenician Name of Cyprus: New Evidence from Early Hellenistic Times , Journal of Semitic Studies 63, 2018, ??' 86?87 doi : 10.1093/jss/fgx037
  22. ^ ?????? ActivePaper , ???? jpress.org.il
  23. ^ ??? ???? ????? ????, ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? , ???? ???? , 24 ???? 2004
  24. ^ ?????? ??? ???? ?????? , ???? ynet , 26 ???? 2010
  25. ^ ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? , ???? ?????, ‏01.04.2004 (?????? ???? ????)
  26. ^ ???????: ????? ??????? ?????? ??? , ???? ynet , 25 ?????? 2004
  27. ^ ?????? ??? ????? ?-10 ?????? , ???? ?????, ‏01.05.2004 (?????? ???? ????)
  28. ^ ?????? ????, ? ????? ??????? ?????: ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? , ???? ????? , 1 ?????? 2008
  29. ^ ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????: "????? ??-?????" - ????? ????? , ???? ????? ‏, 23 ????? 2021

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ 1 2 ????????: ????????, ??? (???) ????, ??? ???? ?? ??????? (?????) ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ; ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? .
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