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?????? ??????????' ???????? (? ????? : Андрей Дмитриевич Сахаров ;? 21 ???? 1921 ? 14 ?????? 1989 ) ??? ??????? ???? ??????? , ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??? . ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? 1975 . ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????????, ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? .

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????? ???? ?-1921, ? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ????? . ??? ??? ???? ??? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ???????. ???? 12 ???? ???? ???? ???????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? , ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?- 1938 , ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ?- 1941 , ????? ?????????? ??????? ????, ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

?- 1942 , ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ? ?????????? ?? ?????????? . ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????????? . ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????.

????? ????? ?-1943, ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ???? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? (??? ???? ???), ??-1945, ???? ???? ??????, ?? ???? ???????, ????? ???????. ??????? ??? ???? 1969 ????? ?????.

???? ??? 1989 ?? ????? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? 1972 ? ???? ???? ( ??' ) , ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 2011. ^[1]

????? ?? ??? ??? ???? 1991

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????? ??? ????? ????????, ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (FIAN), ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? , ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? . ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????, ??-1947 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ^[2]. ?-1946 ??-1947, ????? ?????? ???????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ?-1948, ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ??, ??? ???? ??????.

?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? , ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??????? , ?????? 1948 ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????'??? . ???? ???, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????, ???? "???? ??????" ?????? ??????? ?- 12 ??????? 1953 . ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????-?????? (????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ), ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ^[2].

?- 1950 ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? , ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????.

???? 1953 ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? " ????? ???? ??????????? ".

???? 1956 ??? ? ??? ???? .

????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ?-" ???? ???? " ?????? ???????? 1961 , ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? (?????? 50 ?????? TNT ).

????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? " ?????? ", ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??. ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? , ??? ????? ?????? ?????-??????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? .

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????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????. "?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????", ???? ??????????? ^[2]. ???? ???? ?-50 ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ? 1963 .

???? 1965 ??? ????? ? ?????????? , ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? 1968 ??? ???? (???? ????? ???????) ??? ??????? "??????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????????" ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????.

?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? "???? ?????? ??????? ????" ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????. ?????? ?? (?????? ?? " ????? ??????? ") ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????.

???? 1973 ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? , ???? ????? ?? ?- 1975 ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?- 22 ?????? 1980 ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ????????? .

??? ????? 1980? 1986 ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? 1986, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????????? , ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? 1989 ? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????. ???? ?????? 1989 ? ??? ?? .

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??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? 1988 ?? ??? . ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????.

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??? ????? ( 1953 )
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????	21 ???? 1921 ?????? , ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????
?????	14 ?????? 1989 (???? 68) ?????? , ???"?
??? ????	??????
???? ??????	???? ???????
???? ?????	??? ????? ???????????????
???? ???????	??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ( 1942 )
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??????	???? ???? ??????? ( 1947 ? 1950 ) ???? ???? ??????? ( 1968 ? 23 ?????? 1986 ) ???? ???? ??????? ( 23 ?????? 1986 )
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