?????? ??????? ? 1888 ?? 1896
?????
???? ???"? (1887) ??????? ?
??????
????? ?? 25 ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?
??? ?????
. ??? ???? ???, ??? ???? ??? ?? ????
????? ???????
. ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ?? 1,000
????
????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ?
???
?????? ???????? ???????.
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? "
?????? ?????
" (???
????? ?????
?
????
) ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???????:
- ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? (????? ????? "??? ???????"), ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????.
- ?????? ????? ????? ????? "??? ??????" ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????.
????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?-5,600 ????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????
??????
?????, ?? ?? ?????
??? ????
?????. ??????? 1888 ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????: "??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? "??? ?????", ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????".
[4]
?????? ??????? ?
???'????
????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????, ???? 1888, ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????'???? ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???.
??' ????? ???"?, 13 ??????? 1888, ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ??????? ????????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??. ???? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ???
??? ?????
. ??????? ????? ???????, ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ??????? 1888 ???? ??????
[5]
: "?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?' ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? (??"? ??) ??????? ????? "????????" ?? "??? ?????"."
??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????? 1889 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?
?????
:
"????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????; ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???."
???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????????
??????
??? "???? ????", ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ????. ?-1890 ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????.
?????? ?????? ? 1896 ?? 1929
?????
???? 1895 ???? ????
????? ????
??????, ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????
???? ?????
[
???? ????
]
, ?? ????? ??????.
[6]
?? ?? ?????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????.
[7]
?????? ????? ????? ????? "????? ??????" ?? ?????? ?????.
[8]
???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? 60 ??????, ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ?"?
??? ???
?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????.
?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???. ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??????? ???? ???????
????
, ?
?????? ???
. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?
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(????
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). ???????
???? ???
?????, ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?????, ??????, ??? ????? "?
?????
". ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????.
?????? ???? ?
????? ??????
?? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ???????.
[9]
???? ???????? ???? ??? ????
[10]
??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?
???? ??
???? ???? ?????
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. ?"? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???"? ???
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”...????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??, ???? ???? ???? ? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????.”
?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ?????,
??? ???
, ????? ????? ?? ??????, ???:
”?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? "???????" ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???', ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ?? ?? ????? "??????" ??????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ????? ???? "??????? ?? ?????" ?? ??? ??????????.”
, ??????:
”???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????... ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????.”
???? 1933 ????
??? ????????
?
??????
?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????, ??????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??
???????
, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????.
[11]
????? ???? 1902 ???? ???? ??????
[12]
?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-20 ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?
????????
. ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????. ???? 1909 ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
[13]
???"? ?-1912 ???? ??? ?????? ?????,
?????? ????????
, ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????:
- ????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????.
- ???? ????? ???? ????, ????? ?? ????? ???.
- ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????, ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????.
- "????" ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?
??????
?????? (???? ????? "???????") ????? ???? ?? ??????.
- ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????'????, ?????? ??, ?
?????
????? ????? ??????.
- ???? ??????.
- ????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
- ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????.
- ?????? ???????? ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????, ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????.
- ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????.
???? 1912 ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??"?
????? ?????
???? ???? ?????? ???? ????.
[14]
??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
?????? ??????
??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???.
[15]
????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
?????
. ??? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ?"? ????? ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???, ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????.
[16]
????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? 12 ???. ???? 1914 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????.
[17]
???? 1921 ??????? ???? ????? 15 ?????? ?-15 ???? ????? ???????.
[18]
?-1924 ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????
????
???????
???
????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????, ??? ?"?
???? ???????
, ???? ????? ????
????? ??????
, ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????.
?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????.
-
??? ????? ?
??? ??? ?????
????
1929
, ???? ?
??????? ???"?
, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ??'?? (???? ??????).
[19]
??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????.
[20]
[21]
????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????. 130 ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ?"? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ????. ?? ??????, ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??, ???? ?? ???. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.
[20]
???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.
[20]
???? ??????? ???? ??
??????
. ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????.
??????? 1929 ?????? ????? ?? 34 ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????.
[22]
?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 13 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
[23]
?????
??? ????
(??????) ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? "?????? ???-?????" ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????.
[24]
[25]
????? ? ???? ??????? ? 1930 ?? 1947
?????
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), ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????
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??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????-????? ????, ???????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ?????: ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 825 ??"?; ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 25 ??"?; ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????; ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????
???? ??????
???? ???????.
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?????? ?????
, ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? 13 ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? 1930. ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?"? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??. ???, ??? ?-1931, ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??.
????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? (??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????), ????? 1930 ??? 44 ??????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????
????? ??????
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 1931 ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???.
???? ???? ?????? ????? ?-8 ???? ???? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????, ??? ?? 100 ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 2 ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????, ???? ??????? ?????? (????? ????????) ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???. ????? ???, ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????.
2 ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? 1933?1934 ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????: ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? 50 ????? ??????. ????? 1935?1936 ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????
??????
("
????
") ?????? ???? ????
????? ?????? ??????
, ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????, ???? ????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????: ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????-????? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ??????.
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? "????" ? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?????, ??????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????. ?-1937, ??????? ??
??????? ???"?
, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????, ?? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ??"? ????, ???"? (1939) ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ("
?????
", "
?????
" ???') ?????? ?
?? ????
.
?-1939, ?? ????? ?? ????
??? ??????
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????
????? ???? ?????????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????.
??? ?-1930, ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????
?????? ???????
, ?????? ???, ?????? ???? ?? ????, ???? ?-1935 ????? ?????. ?????
??????
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ("??? ??????"). ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???? ???? ?? 12 ??????? ???? ? "
??????
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????
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??? ?????
??????, ???? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????.
???? ??????, ?-70 ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ?? "
???? ????
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, ????? ????? ?? ("????"), "???
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".
??? ???? 1939 ??? 1952, ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? "
????? ?????
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,
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?
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?????
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????? ?????? ??????
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???? ?????
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?
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1947, ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ??? ??? 16 ?????? ?????? ??????
??"?
(????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????) ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? 14?16 ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????, ???? ??? ???, ????? ????? ???????,
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?????? 1948 ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????
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???? ??????
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). ???? ?????? ????
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, ??? ?-15 ?-22 ???????? 1948, ???? ????? ?
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