?Kung / ?k? ŋ / KUUNG ( ?Xun ), kuma da aka sani da Ju ( /?d? uː / JOO ), yare nl ne Na (hadaddun harshe) wanda ake magana da shi a Namibia , Botswana , da Angola ta Kung mutane, wanda ya ?unshi harsuna biyu ko uku. Tare da yaren ??Amkoe , ?Kung sun kafa dangin harshen Kx?a . ?Kung ya zama ?aya daga cikin rassan dangin harshen Khoisan , kuma ana kiransa da Arewacin Khoisan a wannan yanayin, amma rashin ha?in kan Khoisan ba a ta?a samu ba kuma yanzu ana ?aukarsa a matsayin abin sha'awa. Duk da haka, kalmar 'Khoisan' an kiyaye shi azaman laima don danne harsuna gaba?aya. ^[2]

?Kung ya shahara da dannawa da yawa, kamar ? a cikin sunansa, kuma yana da wasu ?ayyadaddun ?ir?ira na ba?a?e da wasula a duniya. Har ila yau yana da sautin murya da nasalization . Don bayanin, duba Ju??hoan . Don furta ?Xuun (lafazi: [ ??χ?ː?? ]</link> in Western ?Kung/?Xuun) mutum yana yin sautin dannawa kafin sautin x (wanda yake kama da Scotland ko Jamusanci ch ), sannan kuma dogon hanci <i id="mwNQ">u</i> wasali mai tsayi mai tsayi. ^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Sunaye [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Kalmar ?Kung, ko bambance-bambancen ta, yawanci ana amfani da ita lokacin la'akari da yarukan don zama harshe ?aya; Ju yana son a yi amfani dashi lokacin la'akari da su azaman ?aramin dangin harshe. ?Kung kuma a wani lokaci ana amfani da shi don yarukan arewa/ arewa maso yamma, sabanin yarukan Ju??hoan da aka rubuta sosai a kudu(gabas); duk da haka masu magana da kusan dukkan yarukan suna kiran kansu ?Kung .

Rubuce-rubucen ?Xun da ?Xuun da aka gani a cikin adabi na baya-bayan nan suna da ala?a da sifar Ju??hoan da aka rubuta ?X?u(u)n a cikin rubutun wa?a ta 1975, ko ?Ku(u)n a cikin rubutun wa?a na yanzu. ?arin rubutun su ne ?Hu, ?Khung, ?Ku, Kung, Qxu, ?ung, ?Xo, Xu, ?Xu, Xun, ?Xung, ?X??, ?Xun, ?h?:, ^[3] da ?arin rubutun Ju sune Dzu, Juu, Zhu .

Masu magana [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Idan an kirga yarukan ?Kung tare, za su yi yaren danna mafi yawan jama'a na uku bayan Khoekhoe da Sandawe . Mafi yawan jama'a ?Kung iri-iri, Ju??hoan, ?ila an ha?a shi zuwa matsayi na uku tare da Naro .

?ididdiga sun bambanta, amma akwai yiwuwar masu magana kusan 15,000. ?ididdiga yana da wahala saboda masu magana sun warwatse a gonaki, suna tare da masu magana da wasu harsuna, amma Brenzinger (2011) ya ?idaya 9,000 a Namibia, 2,000 a Botswana, 3,700 a Afirka ta Kudu da 1,000 a Angola (sau da ?ila 8,000 a 1975).

Har zuwa tsakiyar-karshen karni na ashirin, yarukan arewa sun yadu a kudanci da tsakiyar Angola. Duk da haka, yawancin ?Kung sun gudu daga yakin basasa na Angola zuwa Namibiya (musamman zuwa Caprivi Strip ), inda aka dauke su aiki a cikin rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Kudu na musamman da sojojin Angolan da SWAPO . A karshen yakin kan iyaka, an mayar da mayaka fiye da dubu daya da iyalansu zuwa Schmidtsdrift a Afirka ta Kudu cikin rashin tabbas kan makomarsu a Namibiya. ^[4] Bayan fiye da shekaru goma suna rayuwa cikin mawuyacin hali, gwamnatin bayan wariyar launin fata ta saya da ba da gudummawar filaye don zama na dindindin a Platfontein, kusa da Schmidtsdrift. ^[5]

Ju??hoan ka?ai aka rubuta, kuma bai isa ya fahimce shi da yarukan Arewa maso Yamma ba don amfani da adabi iri ?aya don duka biyun.

Iri [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Yaren ?Kung da aka fi sani shine Tsumkwe Ju??hoan, Ekoka ?Kung, ??O?Kung, da ?Kx?au??ein . Malamai sun bambanta tsakanin yaruka goma sha ?aya da goma sha biyar, amma ba a fayyace iyakokin ba. Akwai bayyanannen bambanci tsakanin Arewa/Arewa maso Yamma vs Kudu/Kudu maso Gabas, amma har ila yau, ?ungiyar ta tsakiya dabam-dabam wacce ba ta da wata shaida.

Heine & Honken (2010) [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Heine & Honken (2010) classify the 11 traditionally numbered dialects into three branches of what they consider a single language:   Heine & Konig (2015, p. 324) state that speakers of all Northwestern dialects "understand one another to quite some extent" but that they do not understand any of the Southeastern dialects.

Sands (2010) [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Sands (2010) classifies ?Kung dialects into four clusters, with the first two being quite close:   ?Kx?au??ein ba shi da kyau a ba da shaida don rarrabawa a lokacin.

Snyman (1997) [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Rabewar farko na ! Yaren X?? da ?u?'hoasi na Snyman (1997): ^[6]  

Proto-harshen [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Harshen kakanni, Proto-Juu ko Proto-?Xuun, yana da wuraren dannawa guda biyar: Dental, alveolar, palatal, alveolar lateral, da retroflex ( *? </link> ). Ma?allin retroflex ya fita daga yarukan Kudu maso Gabas kamar Ju??hoan, amma ya kasance a Tsakiyar ?Kung. A cikin ??Akhwe (Ekoka), ?angarorin palatal ya zama alveolar mai sassa?a . ^{[7] [8]}

Duba kuma [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

• Lissafin kalmomin Kung (Wiktionary)

Bayanan kula [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Bayanan kafa [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Magana [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

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