Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa
Bayanai
?aramin ?angare na	Ha??o?i da Hakkokin Yan-adam

  Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa wani nau'i ne na ha??o?in da ke kare ' yancin ?an adam daga cin zarafi daga gwamnatoci , ?ungiyoyin jama'a, da masu zaman kansu. Suna tabbatar da damar mutum ya shiga cikin rayuwar farar hula da siyasa ta al'umma da jiha ba tare da nuna bambanci ko danniya ba.

Ha??o?in ?an adam sun ha?a da tabbatar da amincin jiki da tunanin mutane, rayuwa , da amincin mutane; kariya daga wariya bisa dalilai kamar jima'i, launin fata, yanayin jima'i, asalin ?asa, launi, shekaru, ala?ar siyasa, ?abila, zamantakewa, addini , da nakasa; ^[1] da ha??in mutum kamar sirri da yancin tunani , magana , addini, jarida, taro , da motsi.

Ha??o?in siyasa sun ha?a da adalci na dabi'a (daidaitacce) a cikin doka , kamar ha??in wanda ake tuhuma, gami da yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya ; tsari; 'yancin neman gyara ko maganin shari'a; da ha??in shiga cikin ?ungiyoyin jama'a da siyasa kamar 'yancin ?ungiyoyi , ' yancin yin taro , ' yancin kai ?ara , ' yancin kare kai, da 'yancin jefa ?uri'a.

Ha??o?in farar hula da na siyasa sune asali da babban ?angaren ha??in ?an adam na duniya. ^[2] Sun ?unshi kashi na farko na 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (tare da ha??in tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu wanda ya ?unshi kashi na biyu). Ka'idar tsararraki uku na ha??in ?an adam suna ?aukar wannan rukunin ha??o?in a matsayin "ha??in ?arni na farko", kuma ka'idar ha??in mara kyau da tabbatacce suna ?aukar su gaba?aya ha??in mara kyau. ^[3]

Tarihi [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Kalmar "ha??in jama'a" fassarar Latin ce ta jus civis (dama na ?an ?asa). ’Yan ?asar Romawa na iya zama ko dai ’yanci ( libertas ) ko kuma masu hidima ( servitus ), amma dukansu suna da hakki a doka. ^[4] Bayan Dokar Milan a shekara ta 313, wa?annan ha??o?in sun ha?a da ’yancin yin addini; duk da haka, a cikin 380, Dokar Tasalonika ta bu?aci dukan batutuwa na Daular Roma su yi ikirarin Kiristanci na Katolika. ^[5] Koyarwar shari'a ta Romawa ta ?ace a tsakiyar zamanai, amma ana iya yin da'awar ha??o?in duniya bisa koyarwar Kirista. A cewar jagororin Tawayen Kett (1549), “dukkan bayi za a iya ’yantar da su, gama Allah ya ‘yantar da duka da zubar da jininsa mai tamani.”

A karni na 17, alkali mai shari'a na Ingila Sir Edward Coke ya farfado da ra'ayin 'yancin da ya danganci zama dan kasa ta hanyar jayayya cewa a tarihi 'yan Ingila sun ji da?in irin wa?annan hakkoki . Majalisar Ingila ta amince da Dokar Ha??in Ingilishi a cikin 1689. Yana ?aya daga cikin tasirin da George Mason da James Madison suka zana a lokacin da suke tsara Dokar Ha??in Virginia a 1776. ^[6] Sanarwar Virginia ita ce kakanni kai tsaye kuma abin ?ira ga Dokar Ha??in Amurka (1789). ^{[7] [ ana bu?atar hujja ]}

Cire ta hanyar doka ta ha??in farar hula ya ?unshi "nakasassu na farar hula". A farkon ?arni na 19 na Biritaniya, kalmar nan "ha??in jama'a" galibi ana magana ne akan batun irin wannan wariya na shari'a ga Katolika. A cikin House of Commons an raba goyon baya ga 'yancin ?an adam, tare da 'yan siyasa da yawa sun yarda da nakasassun farar hula na Katolika. Dokar Bayar da Agaji ta Roman Katolika ta 1829 ta maido musu ha??o?in ?an adam. ^{[ ana bu?atar hujja ]}

A Amurka, kalmar yancin ?an adam tana da ala?a da ?ungiyoyin yancin ?an adam (1954-1968), wa?anda suka yi ya?i da wariyar launin fata. ^{[ ana bu?atar hujja ]}

Kare hakki [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

TH Marshall ya lura cewa ha??o?in ?an adam na cikin wa?anda aka fara gane su kuma aka tsara su, sannan ha??o?in siyasa suka biyo baya kuma har yanzu ta ha??in zamantakewa. A cikin ?asashe da yawa, ha??o?in tsarin mulki ne kuma an ha?a su cikin lissafin ha??o?in ko makamancin haka. An kuma bayyana su a cikin dokokin ha??in ?an adam na ?asa da ?asa, kamar 1948 na 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights da 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Ba a bu?atar a tsara ha??o?in jama'a da na siyasa don a kiyaye su. Koyaya, yawancin dimokuradiyya a duniya suna da tabbacin rubuce-rubuce na ha??in farar hula da na siyasa. Ana ?aukar ha??in ?an adam a matsayin ha??o?in halitta . Thomas Jefferson ya rubuta a cikin A Summary View of the Rights of British America cewa "mutane masu 'yanci [da'awar] hakkokinsu kamar yadda aka samo daga dokokin yanayi, kuma ba a matsayin kyautar babban alkalin su ba."

Tambayar kan wanene hakkin jama'a da na siyasa ya shafi batun cece-kuce. Ko da yake a ?asashe da yawa 'yan ?asa suna da kariya mafi girma daga keta ha??o?i fiye da wa?anda ba ?an ?asa ba, ana ?aukar ha??o?in farar hula da na siyasa a matsayin ha??o?in duniya da ya shafi kowa da kowa.

A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr., yin nazari kan musabbabi da rashin kariya daga take hakin bil Adama a Kudancin Duniya ya kamata a mai da hankali kan mu’amalar abubuwan cikin gida da na kasa da kasa?wani muhimmin hangen nesa da aka saba yin watsi da shi bisa tsari. adabin ilimin zamantakewa. ^[8]

Manazarta [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

1. ↑ Summary of LGBT civil rights protections, by state, at Lambda Legal, lambdalegal.org
2. ↑ A useful survey is Paul Sieghart, The Lawful Rights of Mankind: An Introduction to the International Legal Code of Human Rights , Oxford University Press, 1985.
3. ↑ A useful survey is Paul Sieghart, The Lawful Rights of Mankind: An Introduction to the International Legal Code of Human Rights , Oxford University Press, 1985.
4. ↑ Mears, T. Lambert, Analysis of M. Ortolan's Institutes of Justinian, Including the History and , p. 75.
5. ↑ Fahlbusch, Erwin and Geoffrey William Bromiley, The encyclopedia of Christianity , Volume 4, p. 703.
6. ↑ "Human Rights: 1500?1760 ? Background" . Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
7. ↑ Fahlbusch, Erwin and Geoffrey William Bromiley, The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4, p. 703.
8. ↑ Regilme, Salvador Santino F. Jr. (3 October 2014). "The Social Science of Human Rights: The Need for a 'Second Image Reversed'?". Third World Quarterly . 35 (8): 1390?1405. doi :10.1080/01436597.2014.946255 . S2CID 143449409 . Empty citation ( help )