??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??. ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? "?????" ??? ??. ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???. ??????????? ??????? II? ???? ???:?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???, ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??, ??????? ??? ????????? ?????. ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??, ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???. ????? ? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????.

????? ????? 20 feet (6.1 m)?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???. 40 feet (12.19 m)?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? "????????" ?????? ??. 100 ft (30.5 m)?? ??? (?????? ???? ?????) ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? 200 ft (61 m) ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??. ? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??.

?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

???, ??????? ????? ??? (jacht) ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? , ?????? ????? ?????/???? ????? ??? (Jagd )) ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???. ????? ????? ???-?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???. ^[?] ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? '?????'?? (jachts) ????? ??? ?????. 17?? ?????? ???? ???????, '????? (jatchs)' ?? ?????? ???????? ???- ??? ???? ??????-????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????-????? . ^[?] ????? ???? ???????, ?? ?????? ???????? ????? '???'?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? "?????????" ??????, ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???. ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???, ???? ??????? ????40 ft (12 m) ??? ?? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ^[?] ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????/????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??. 1960?? ??????? '????????? ????' ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???.

??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???. 1660??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????. ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? 24 ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???:??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ^[?] ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? (????? ?????, ???, 20?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????), ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??.

??????? ??????? ??? ??????? [ ?????? ??? ]

1950?? ??? ????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??. ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??, ???????? ???????????, ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? (?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????) ??? ??. ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????- ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ?????, ????????, ???????? (????? ???????? ?????? ??) ??? ??????? ??????? (?? ????? ??????? ???) ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??.

??????? ????? [ ?????? ??? ]

??????? ??????? ??? ????? (????? ?????-LOA (????)) 20 ??? (6 ????) ?? 100 ??? (30 ????) ???? ??? ??? ???, ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??. ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? 24-45 ??? (7-17 ????)?? ??????? ??? ??; ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??. ??.??. (U.S.)??? , ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??, ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??. ?????? ????-????? ???????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????, ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ??-????? ?? ,??????? ????????? ???, ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??. ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??.

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????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??, ???????? 20 ??? (6 ????)?? ???. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??, ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ??? ??. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??.

????????? ?????

????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??, 30 ??? (9.5 ????) ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??. ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??. ???? ???? (???? ?? ??????? ????) ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??, ?? ?????? ? 2 ?? 3 ??????? ??? ???? ?? (???? ???? ? ?????? ??? ????? ??). ????? ???????? ???????????, ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??. ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??, ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? "????" ??? ??. ??????????? (?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????)?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? (???????), ????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? (????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??) ???? ?? ????????????? "????????? ?????" ?? (?? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??). ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??. ? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??, ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ???.

???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??, ?? 25?? 45 ??? (7?? 14 ????) ?????? ??? ??. ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??,?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????, ????? ?????, ???? ???-???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??. ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????, ? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??. ????, ???????? ???? ??????? ????, ?????, ???? ????? ??? ???? ??-???????? ??????? ?????????-?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??. ???? ????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??. ???????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??. ??? ????? 26?? 40 ??? (8?? 12 ????)?? ???????????, ? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???. ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??-????????? ?????; ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ????-???? ?????; ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? "????? ?????" ??? ??.

???? ????, 50 ft (15 m) (15 ????) ??? ????, ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??, ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??.?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??. ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??. ??? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??? 6 ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??. ???? ????? ???-?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??.

???? ??????? ?????

? ????? ??????? ???? 82 ft (25 m) ???? ??? ????? ??? ??. ?????? ????????, ? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??. ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????, ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? "??????? ??????" ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??.

??????? ????, 130 ??? (40 ????)?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??. ? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??, ?????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??. ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????-??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??. ?????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??. 20 ???? ????? ??, 25-??? (7 ????)?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ????.. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??. ???? 33 ??? (10 ????)?? ???????? ??? ????, ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ??. ????, ???-?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??. ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? (????)?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? (?.??. ?????? ??????? ????? ???????-?????)?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????, ???-, ????- ??? ??? ???????? ? ? ????? ??? ???.

??????? (???) ?????? ?????

?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????, ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??. ???????? ?????????? 35 ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??. ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???. ???????????? ?????? ????, ??? ??? ?? 15 ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? 30 ????????? ??? ??? ??. ???? ?? ???????? ????????? "???? ???? ????? ???????" ??, ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??.

??? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???, ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????; ????? ??????, ????????? ??? ???? ???-??? ?????; ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???.

??????? [ ?????? ??? ]

??? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??. ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??. ??? "?????" ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??. 25 ft (8 m) (7 ????) ???? ??? ??????? ????? 5 ??? 40 ????????? (3.5 ??? 30 ???????) ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??. ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? 20 ??? 100 ????????? (15 ??? 75 ???????)??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??. 25?? 45 ??? (7?? 14 ????)?? ???????, 20?? 40 ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??.

???? ??????? [ ?????? ??? ]

????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? (??? ??? ???? ???) ???? ????? ??. ?????? ???????? ?? ??? (???????) ?? ???? ??? (?????????)?? ????? ??? ??, ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??.

???? ????? [ ?????? ??? ]

???????? [ ?????? ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ?????????? ????? ??:

• ?? ?????? ??? (????? ????, ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????)
• ???????? ??? (?? ?? ?? ??? ???????, ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? )
• ???????? ??? (????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? )
• ??????? ?????? ??? (??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???)
• ?????? ??? (?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??, ??? ????????? ?????????/?????? ????)

????????? [ ?????? ??? ]

???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??. ???????? ?? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ^{[ ?????? ??? ]} ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? (?????? ????? ???????) ?? ??. ^{[ ?????? ??? ]}

?????? ??????? [ ?????? ??? ]

???? ????? ????, ?????????, ?????, ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??.

??????? [ ?????? ??? ]

• ?????? ???

• ??????, ????????," ???? ??????? ". ??? ???????? ?????? ??.
• ????????, ?? ???? ?????, ??, " ? ???? ?? ???? : ? ??????? ?????? 1650-1840 ", 1992 (2004 ???????), ?????, ???????? (ISBN) 0-85177-954-9
• ?????????, ????, " ???, ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ", ???????? ????, 1983, ???????? (ISBN) 0-517-41425-23
• ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????

????? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

yacht ?????? ??????? (????? ???????)??? ???.

?????????? ?????? ?? Yachts ??????? ??????? ??.