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????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??. ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????. ??????? ????????? ???? ??????, ?????? (????-??)?? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???. ?????? ?????????? ????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ???? "????????? ???? ???????" ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????.

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?????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? (? ?? ?? ?? ??)????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???. ? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ???. [??] [??] ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??. ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??.??. ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???. ? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????, ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???; ? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????.

??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????. ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. [??] [??]

??????? ?????, ???? [ ?????? ??? ]

  • અંગ્રેજો દ્વારા કામ ચલાવાયેલ અને ફાંસીની સજા પામેલ ક્રાંતિકારીઓમાં ખુદીરામ બોઝ એક સૌથી નાની વયના કાંતિકારી હતા.[૫૦]
    ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???. [??]
  • પ્રફુલ્લ ચાકી, જુગાંતર સાથે જોડાયેલા હતા. તેમણે ભારતની સ્વતંત્રતા માટે અંગ્રેજ વસાહતી અમલદારોની હત્યા કરી.
    ???????? ???? , ??????? ???? ???????? ???. ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???.
  • ભૂપેન્દ્રનાથ દત્ત, એ ભારતીય કાંતિકારી હતા જેમણે ઈન્ડો જર્મન કોન્સ્પીરેસીમાં ભાગ લીધો હતો.
    ???????????? ???? , ? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ???.

????? ???? ???, ??????? ??? ??????-???? ????? ?????? (?????????) ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????. [??] ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???. ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???. ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ????, ????? ? ???? ?????????? "????? ???? ???? ??? ???"?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???. ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???. ? ???? ?????? ???????, ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???, ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???. ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ? ??? ???????, ???? ????????, ???????????? ???? , ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????.

? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????. ????????, ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????. ??????? ??? , ???????? ???? , ?????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ??? ?????????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. [??]

??????? ?????, ? ??????? , ? ?????? ????: [??]

?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

  • ઓરોબિંદો ઘોષ એ જુગન્તરના સ્થાપક સભ્યમાંની એક હતા. સાથે સાથે તેઓ ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસમાં રાષ્ટ્રવાદી રાજકારણઅને અનુશીલાન સમિતિ નામના બંગાળના અગ્રણી ક્રાંતિકારી આંદોલન સાથે સંકળાયેલા હતા .
    ???????? ??? ? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? .
  • બરિન્દ્રકુમાર ઘોષ, જુગંતરના સ્થાપક સભ્યોમાંના એક અને શ્રી ઓરોબિંદોના નાના ભાઈ હતા.
    ????????????? ??? , ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ???.
  • ૧૯૧૦માં જતિન્દ્રનાથ મુખર્જી (બાઘા જતીન); બંગાળમાં ક્રાંતિકારી ભારતીય સ્વતંત્રતા સેનાનીઓનું કેન્દ્રીય સંગઠન જુગંતર પાર્ટીના તેઓ મુખ્ય નેતા હતા.
    ??????? ??????????? ??????? (???? ????); ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???.

???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????.

? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???. ??????? ??, ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? (?? ?????? ????) ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????????????? ????? ??.

???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???. ?????-?????? ?????? ??? ????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???. ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????, ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???. [??]

????? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? - ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??, ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???. [??]

?????? ????? ???????? ???? [ ?????? ??? ]

?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???. [??] ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???.

??????-????? ?????? ???? [ ?????? ??? ]

??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????.

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???. ? ??????? ??????-????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??. ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????? ????? ???. ? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???.

? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???.

????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??, ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???.

  • એવું માનવામાં આવે છે કે બસંત કુમાર બિસ્વાસે વાઇસરોયના સરઘસ પર બોમ્બ ફેંક્યો હતો. આ યોજનાને દિલ્હી-લાહોર કાવતરા તરીકે ઓળખવામાં આવે છે.
    ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???. ? ??????? ??????-????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??.
  • અમરેન્દ્રનાથ ચેટર્જી, જુગંતર આંદોલન માટે નાણાં એકત્ર કરવાના કાર્યમાં સહાય કરતા હતા, તેમની પ્રવૃત્તિઓ મોટાભાગે બિહાર, ઓડિશા અને સંયુક્ત પ્રાંતમાં ક્રાંતિકારી કેન્દ્રોને આવરી લેતી હતી .
    ???????????? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???, ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? , ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? .

????? ???? ??? [ ?????? ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???. ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???. [??]

?? ??????? ??????? ??? [ ?????? ??? ]

??-??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? (??? ?????????? ) ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???.???? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???. [??]

???? ???, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???. ?? ?????? ??????, ?????, ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? (???????? ??????????? ????????) ???? ?????. ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????-???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ????, ??????? ???? ??????? ???? (??????? ??????)?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???. ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???, ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???. [??] ????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???

????? ????? ????? [ ?????? ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?????, ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???. ??? ????, ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???. ???????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???. ?? ???????, ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???. [??] [??]

????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? 1915 ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???, ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???, ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????. [??]

???????????? ??????? [ ?????? ??? ]

?????????? ???????? ???, ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????.

????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? -????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??. ? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????, ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???-????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???. ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???-????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???. [??] [??] [??] ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ??????????????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????. ? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ????????? ??????. ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???.

? ???? ???? ??????? ?????: ???? ?? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????-????? ???????, ???????? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??. ? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???.

??? ??????? [ ?????? ??? ]

?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????.

??? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????, ????????? ?????? ????? , ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ? ????? ??? ???. ? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????-??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????-????? ?????????? ? ?? ????? ????? ????. [??] [??] [??] ? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???. ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???. ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???, ??? ??????? ????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???. ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???.

???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? (???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????????,????), ????????? ????? ???? (???????? ????), ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? (??????? ???? ?? ???????, ????) ?????. ? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???. ??????? ??? ???, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ???.

????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? [ ?????? ??? ]

????? ????? ??? ???? ???? , ??????? , ????.

?.?. ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??. ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???????-??-??? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? (???) ??????? ???. ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???. ??????????? ????????? ?????????, ????????????? ?????? ?????? (????????) ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ? ????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????????-???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????, ??. ?????????, ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???, ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??." [??] ??. ??. ????????? ??????? ????, "??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ??." [??]

??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???. ? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???. ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???. ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ? ??????? ?????? ???????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? "?????? ?????????? ?????", ????? ????????? "??? ??????" ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???. [??] ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ????.

?????????????????? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

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????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????. 1916 ???, ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???. [??]


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????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? "????? ?? ??????? ????"?? ???? ??????. ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????, ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??: "??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???-??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????." ? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, 1919 ??? ???????? ????? ???, ?? ???? ???????? ????-?????? ???? ????-??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???. ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???. ? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???. ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????: ???? ???-?????????? ?????, ??? ?? ????, ??????? ?????, ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???. [??]

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  1. ↑ "Timeline of India's Independence and Democracy: From 1857 to 1947" . Pacific Atrocities Education (???????????). ??? ????? 2021-01-16 ?? ???????? . ?????? 2020-05-18 . CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link )
  2. ↑ Dasgupta, Prateek (4 August 2019). "Partition Of Bengal (1905) Shaped Indian Freedom Movement" . Sirf News (???????????). ??? ????? 27 ??????? 2020 ?? ???????? . ?????? 18 May 2020 . CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link )
  3. ↑ ?.? ?.? Bipan Chandra; Mridula Mukherjee; Aditya Mukherjee; K N Panikkar; Sucheta Mahajan (9 August 2016). India's Struggle for Independence . Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN   978-81-8475-183-3 .
  4. ↑ Jammanna, Akepogu; Sudhakar, Pasala (14 December 2016). Dalits' Struggle for Social Justice in Andhra Pradesh (1956-2008): From Relays to Vacuum Tubes (???????????). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4438-4496-3 .
  5. ↑ Zakaria, Anam. "Remembering the war of 1971 in East Pakistan" . Al Jazeera . ?????? 2020-05-18 .
  6. ↑ "Vasco da Gama reaches India" . History.com (???????????) . ?????? 2020-05-18 . CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link )
  7. ↑ Heehs 1998
  8. ↑ Heehs 1998
  9. ↑ Heehs 1998
  10. ↑ "Sikh Wars | Indian history" . Encyclopædia Britannica (???????????) . ?????? 2020-05-18 . CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link )
  11. ↑ Dec 24, TNN /; 2012; Ist, 03:43. "P Chidambaram releases documentary film on Alagumuthu Kone | Madurai News - Times of India" . The Times of India (???????????) . ?????? 2020-10-01 . CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )
  12. ↑ Sivarajah, Padmini. "Section 144 to be imposed in Tuticorin district on freedom fighter's memorial day" . The Times of India (???????????) . ?????? 2020-10-01 .
  13. ↑ "Tributes paid to Alagumuthu Kone" . The Hindu (???????????). 12 July 2015. ISSN   0971-751X . ?????? 1 October 2020 .
  14. ↑ Khan, Muazzam Hussain. "Titu Mir". Banglapedia. Bangladesh Asiatic Society. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  15. ↑ "Remembering Queen Velu Nachiyar of Sivagangai, the first queen to fight the British" . The News Minute . 3 January 2017.
  16. ↑ "Velu Nachiyar, Jhansi Rani of Tamil Nadu" . The Times of India . 17 March 2016.
  17. ↑ "Legends from South" . ??? ????? 4 September 2012 ?? ????????. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link )
  18. ↑ Yang, Anand A. (November 2007). "Bandits and Kings: Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India". The Journal of Asian Studies . 66 (4): 881?896. doi : 10.1017/s0021911807001234 . JSTOR   20203235 .
  19. ↑ K. Guru Rajesh (2015). Sarfarosh: A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries . Notion Press. ????? 65. ISBN   978-93-5206-173-0 .
  20. ↑ "Chinnamalai, a lesser-known freedom fighter of Kongu soil" . The Hindu . 2 August 2008. ??? ????? 14 ????????? 2008 ?? ???????? . ?????? 12 ????????? 2021 .
  21. ↑ Ram Govardhan (2001). Rough with the Smooth . Leadstart publishing. ????? 212. ISBN   9789381115619 .
  22. ↑ Rout, Hemant Kumar (2012). "Villages fight over martyr's death place" . The New Indian Express . ??? ????? 6 ?? 2014 ?? ???????? . ?????? 7 February 2013 . historians claim he is actually the first martyr in the country's freedom movement because none was killed by the Britishers before 1806
  23. ↑ "15 August Images" . 15august2017speech.in/ . 2012. ??? ????? 5 February 2017 ?? ???????? . ?????? 7 February 2013 . was assassinated by the British government in a brutal manner on December 6, 1806 CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link )
  24. ↑ Mohanty, N.R. (August 2008). "The Oriya Paika Rebellion of 1817" (PDF) . Orissa Review : 1?3. ??? (PDF) ????? 11 November 2013 ?? ???????? . ?????? 13 February 2013 .
  25. ↑ Paikaray, Braja (February?March 2008). "Khurda Paik Rebellion ? The First Independence War of India" (PDF) . Orissa Review : 45?50. ??? (PDF) ????? 22 April 2014 ?? ???????? . ?????? 13 February 2013 .
  26. ↑ "Paik Rebellion" . Khordha . National Informatics Centre . ?????? 14 August 2018 . CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link )
  27. ↑ Chandra et al. 1989
  28. ↑ Chandra et al. 1989
  29. ↑ "The Uprising of 1857" . Library of Congress . ?????? 10 November 2009 . CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link )
  30. ↑ Chandra et al. 1989
  31. ↑ David 2002
  32. ↑ Chandra et al. 1989
  33. ↑ Chandra et al. 1989
  34. ↑ Chandra et al. 1989
  35. ↑ Heehs 1998
  36. ↑ "Official, India" . World Digital Library . 1890?1923 . ?????? 30 May 2013 . CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link )
  37. ↑ Heehs 1998
  38. ↑ Heehs 1998
  39. ↑ Robert P. O'Kell (2014). Disraeli: The Romance of Politics . U of Toronto Press. ????? 443?44. ISBN   9781442661042 .
  40. ↑ ??.? ??.? ??.? Marshall, P. J. (2001), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire , Cambridge University Press, p. 179, ISBN   978-0-521-00254-7 , https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&pg=PAPA179   Quote: "The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress."
  41. ↑ Wolpert, Stanley (1988). "The Indian National Congress in Nationalist Perspective" . ??? Sisson, Richard; Wolpert, Stanley (???????). Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase . University of California Press. ????? 24. ISBN   978-0-520-06041-8 . For the most part, however, Muslim India remained either aloof from or distrustful of the Congress and its demands.
  42. ↑ R, B.S.; Bakshi, S.R. (1990). Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Struggle for Swaraj . Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN   978-81-7041-262-5 . ?????? 6 January 2017 .
  43. ↑ Ramnath, Maia (2011). Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire . University of California Press. ????? 227. ISBN   978-0-520-26955-2 .
  44. ↑ Latif, Asad (2008). India in the Making of Singapore . Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ????? 34. ISBN   9789810815394 .
  45. ↑ Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). Christians in Secular India (???????????). Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ????? 106?110. ISBN   978-0-8386-1021-3 .
  46. ↑ Oddie, Geoffrey A. (2001). "Indian Christians and National Identity 1870-1947". The Journal of Religious History . 25 (3): 357, 361. doi : 10.1111/1467-9809.00138 .
  47. ↑ Blocker, Jack S.; Fahey, David M.; Tyrrell, Ian R. (2003). Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia (???????????). ABC-CLIO. ????? 310. ISBN   9781576078334 .
  48. ↑ Fischer-Tine & Tschurenev 2014
  49. ↑ Nanda, B. R. (2015), Gokhale: The Indian Moderates and the British Raj , Legacy Series, Princeton University Press, p. 58, ISBN   978-1-4008-7049-3 , https://books.google.com/books?id=pI19BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58  
  50. ↑ ??.? ??.? Guha, Arun Chandra (1971). First Spark of Revolution . Orient Longman. ????? 130?131. OCLC   254043308 . They [Khudiram Basu and Prafulla Chaki] threw a bomb on a coach similar to that of Kingsford's ... Khudiram ... was sentenced to death and hanged.
  51. ↑ John R. McLane, "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905" Indian Economic and Social History Review, July 1965, 2#3, pp 221?237
  52. ↑ Patel 2008
  53. ↑ The major charge... during the trial (1910?1911) was "conspiracy to wage war against the King-Emperor" and "tampering with the loyalty of the Indian soldiers" (mainly with the 10th Jats Regiment) (cf: Sedition Committee Report , 1918)
  54. ↑ Basu, Raj Sekhar (2012). "Basu, Benoy Krishna" . ??? Islam, Sirajul ; Jamal, Ahmed A. (???????). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ???????). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh .
  55. ↑ Heehs 2008
  56. ↑ Samanta , Vol. II, "Nixon's Report", p. 591.
  57. ↑ Jalal 1994
  58. ↑ Official website, Government of Pakistan. "The Statesman: Jinnah's differences with the Congress" . ??? ????? 27 January 2006 ?? ???????? . ?????? 20 April 2006 . CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link )
  59. ↑ Gupta 1997
  60. ↑ Popplewell 1995
  61. ↑ Lawrence James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (2000) pp 439?518
  62. ↑ ??.? ??.? Plowman 2003
  63. ↑ ??.? ??.? Hoover 1985
  64. ↑ ??.? ??.? Brown 1948
  65. ↑ Mukherjee 2010
  66. ↑ Majumdar 1975
  67. ↑ Hopkirk 1994
  68. ↑ Wilkinson, Steven Ian (September?October 2000), "India, Consociational Theory, and Ethnic Violence", Asian Survey 40 (5): 767?791, doi : 10.2307/3021176  
  69. ↑ ?????, ???: ? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? (2000) pp 459?60, 519?20
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