Kanishka I
|
---|
Kushan
king
|
[[File:
|frameless|alt=]]
Gold coin of
Kanishka I
(late issue, c.150 AD). Kanishka standing, clad in heavy Kushan coat and long boots, flames emanating from shoulders, holding standard in his left hand, and making a sacrifice over an altar. Bactrian legend in Greek script (with the addition of the Kushan
?
"sh" letter): ?ΑΟΝΑΝΟ?ΑΟ ΚΑΝΗ?ΚΙ ΚΟ?ΑΝΟ ("Shaonanoshao Kanishki Koshano"): "King of Kings, Kanishka the Kushan".
|
????????
| Kushan
: 127 AD - 151 AD
|
---|
???????
| c. AD 127
|
---|
???? ???
| Kanishka (I)
|
---|
??????
| King of Kings, the Great Saviour, the Son of God, the Shah, the Kushan
|
---|
?????????
| Vima Kadphises
|
---|
???????
| Huvishka
|
---|
??????
(???????? ??????, ??????????? ????:
Κανη?κι
, ???? ???:迦?色伽)? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???. ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????
????
???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????, ?? ?????? ?????, ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? (??????????
???????????
????? ????????? ?????? ??????), ??????
???????????
????????,
??????????????
??????? ???
??????
?????
???????? ????????? ???????? ???.
?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???. ?? ??????? ????, ????-???????? ????, ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????. (??? ???? "αρια," ?.??. ????? ?????????? “?????”), ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???; ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???. ?????????? “?????” ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???,
[?]
?????: “????” ???? “??????”??? ?????? ?? ?? ??. (?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?????? ????: ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? (???? ?????), ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???. ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???.
[?]
[?]
?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??, ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??. ????? ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ????
????
??? ????????? ???? ??????-????? ???? ?????????(???????)?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??. ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? (???)?? ????? 127 ??? (CE)??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??.
[?]
???????? ??????? ????, 227 ??? (CE) ? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??. ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??, ????? ???????? ????? ?????? “?????? ???” ???? 127 ???(CE)?? ???? ??? ???.
?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????
[
?????? ???
]
?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? (?????)?? ??????, ??? ?? ? ???? ?????? ????????
?????
???? ??????????? ????. (????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????.) ???? ???????????????
?????????
?? ?????? ??? ???, ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??.
???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ??????,
??? ?????
??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? 90 ??? (CE)??? ???? ???? 70,000 ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? (????? ??????? : 謝) ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? (??????? ???? ??????)?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????.
[?]
?????????? ?? ???? ???? (????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????
??
. 127 ??? (CE))
[?]
????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????, ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???, ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??. ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??.
?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? (????? ???) ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??.
???????? ???? ??????
[
?????? ???
]
??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? 1?? ?????? ??????. (c.120 AD).???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????, ????????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????.????? ?????? ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗ?ΚΟΥ “[??????] ????????, ??????? ????”.???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ΗΛΙΟΣ ????? ???.???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (????)
???????? ?????? ??????-?????, ?????, ????? ??? ?????-??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??, ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??. ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? (??????????) ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ???? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ? ? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???, ????? “?????” (Kushan) ??? “??????” (Kanishka)?? ??????? ?????? /
?
/ (
?
)??? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????? (
?
) ????.
????? ??????? ??, ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??. ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??. ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????
?????? ???
??? ? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ??, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??, ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????.
[?]
??????? ????? (???????????) ???
[
?????? ???
]
????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? : ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗ
?
ΚΟΥ,
???????? ???????? ????????
“???????? [??????] ??????? ????.” ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??:
- ΗΛΙΟΣ (
?????
??????), ΗΦΑΗΣΤΟΣ (
?????????
??????????), ΣΑΛΗΝΗ (
??????
??????), ΑΝΗΜΟΣ (
??????
??????)
?????/?????? ??????
[
?????? ???
]
??????? ?????? ????? ( ????? ???????? ΑΘ?Ο ??????)??? ???????????? ???? ????? ????(Carnelian)?? ????, ???? ???????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????.?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??.
???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??.
- ΑΡΔΟΧ
?
Ο (
??????????
, ??? ??????)
- ΛΡΟΟΑΣΠΟ (
?????????????
, ??????????)
- ΑΘ
?
Ο (
????
, ???)
- ΦΑΡΡΟ (
??????
, ???????????? ??????????)
- ΜΑΟ (
???
, ???)
- ΜΙΘΡΟ, ΜΙΙΡΟ, ΜΙΟΡΟ, ΜΙΥΡΟ (
??????
,
????
,
?????
,
?????
, ???????? ????? ??????)
- ΜΟΖΔΟΟΑΝΟ (
??????????
, “????? ??????????")
- ΝΑΝΑ, ΝΑΝΑΙΑ, ΝΑΝΑ
?
ΑΟ (???? ??????
????
?? ????? ??????, ????????
????
, ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??.
- ΜΑΝΑΟΒΑΓΟ (
?????????
, ???? ???)
- ΟΑΔΟ (
????
, ????)
- ΟΡΑΛΑΓΝΟ (
?????????
, ??????????)
???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????:
- ΒΟΔΔΟ (
??????
, ?????),
- ?
ΑΚΑΜΑΝΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ (
??????? ?????
, ????????? ?????)
- ΜΕΤΡΑΓΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ (
???????? ??????
, ???????? ???????)
?????? ΟΗ
?
Ο (
????
)(
oesho
) ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????
??????
???????????? ??????? ????, ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??.
[?]
[?]
?????? ??? ????? ????
[
?????? ???
]
??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (c.120 AD).???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????..,???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? (??????? ? "?" ??????? ????? ????): ?ΑΟΝΑΝΟ?ΑΟ ΚΑΝΗ?ΚΙ ΚΟ?ΑΝΟ (“?????????? ??????? ??????”): “??????? ????, ?????? ?????”.???????? ?????? ?????: ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ????? “??? ?? ???” ?? ?????? ???? (??? ?????? ), ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????.????? ??????? ??????, ΒΟΔΔΟ “??????”, ????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (????)
????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ???????? 78 ???? ???(AD)
??????????
??????? ?????? 4?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??. 32 ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???. ????? ????? ???????? 78 ???? ??? (AD) ?????? ??? ????? ???, ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??.
????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??????-????????? ???
?????
????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? (????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????). ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? (????? ??? ????????? ???)?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??.
??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???. ??????????????? 1908-1909??? ??? ? ??????? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? 286 ????? ???. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? 600?? 700 (??????) ”???” (= ???? 180-210 ???? ???? 591-689 ???.) ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???.
[??]
????????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??.
?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???, ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????.
????? ??? ??????
[
?????? ???
]
???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? (?? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????). ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??. ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??. ???????? ???? ????????? ???, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??; ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??, ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????, ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??.
???????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???
??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????? "??????" (Boddo) ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??. ??????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? (??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??, ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??). ? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? (???? ????(obol)?? ?????) [obol ? drachma?? ????? ??? ?? ??? drachma? ???????? ??? ????? euro ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??]
???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.??????,??????? ???? 3??-4?? ?????.
????? ?????? ?????,
????????
,
?????????
??? ??????
?????
??????? ??? ????? ??.
??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??, ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??, ????? ???? ???? ??????? 3??-4?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????)?? ????? ??, ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????, ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??.
??????? ????, ? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??????????? ??, ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??. ??? ??????????, ???? ?????? ??. ????? ???? ????? ????????
???????
????? ??, ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? (?????) ??. ??, ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??.
“???????? ?????”
[
?????? ???
]
???????? ??? ????????? (?ΑΚΑΜΑΝΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ “?????? ??????”?? ?????? ????) “???????? ?????”?? ?????.
???????? ??? ????????? (ΜΕΤΡΑΓΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ “???????? ??????”?? ?????? ????) “???????” ?? ?????.
???????? ????? (“?????? ????”?? ?????? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????), ????? ??? ????? ??, ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??. ? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??, ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??.
??????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??, ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??, ???? ???????? ????. ? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??
????????
???
?????????
??. ? ??????, ????? ????? (??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????) ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? (??????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??, ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??) ??? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???
???????
???? ?????? ???? ??. ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? (???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????)?? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????????, ??????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??.
???????? ??????? (“??????? ????”?? ?????? ????) ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??, ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??. ? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??, ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??. ???? ?????? ??????? ??, ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??, ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ? ????? ??????? ??. ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??. “?????” ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??, ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? (??? ???????? ????? ??). ? ????? ????? ????? ??????????????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??. ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??. ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???.
[??]
????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???, ???? ??
???????
.
?????? ??????? (??????)
[
?????? ???
]
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????,127 ??? (CE)??? “?????? ???????”,??????? ?????????.
???-??-??-??????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
127 ??? (CE)??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? “?????? ???????” ???? “?????? ?????”, ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????, 1908-1909??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???-??-????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???.
[??]
[??]
??? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??, ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??. ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??, ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??.
??????? ????????? ??????? ??. ?????????? ??????????:
- “(*?????)??? ???????? ??????-???? ???? ??? ???-??? ????-????? ?????-?????? ???-??????? ???? ?????????
????? ??? ?????? ??-????? ???*???????? ????? ????????? ??????”
?????? ??????? ??, ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????, ???????? ??????.??????? ?????????.
????????? ?????? 1910??? ??????? ????? ?????????, ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????.?????? ????????, 2005
? ????? ???? ??????,
????????
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??, ???? ???????? ?????(?????)?? ????? ?????? ???? ???, ?? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???: “???? ????????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ” (“??? ?????? ??-????? ???*???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ”)
????????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ??, ???
???????
??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??. ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??. ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??, ???? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??, ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??. ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??.
??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???). ???? ????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??.
????? ????????? ??????
[
?????? ???
]
????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????, ????-????-????-????? ????? ????, ?????, ???????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??:
- “? ???? ?????-???? ???? (???????) ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???....????? ?? ??????? (????) ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???. ”
?ri-dharma-pi?aka-nid?na s?tra
[??]
??????, ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????????? ???, ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??:
- “. . . ??????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????....[??????] ?? ?????
Ka?i?ka
???? ????? ????? ??? ???.”
???? ?????
[??]
???????? ??????? “???????? ????” ???? ???????? ??????.
? ? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??, ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? 400 ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ?????? ? ?? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????:
- “?? ????? ? ???? ????? [???????? ?? ????? ????? ????????]....? ???? ??? ?????-???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????....[???] ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????....??????? ?????? [????????] ’??? ????? ????? ??
Ka?i?ka-st?pa
.’....….? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????….[???] ????? ??????, ’???? ????, ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????
Sa?gh?r?ma
??????? ?????? (?) ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ????...?? ?????."
[??]
?????????? ????, ??????? ?????? ????????????, ????? 630 ??? (CE)??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???:
- “?????? ???? ???????????? (?????? ?????)??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ???, ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????; ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? [???????? ??????? ???? ??]....[?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????] ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? [???] ????? ???????....[?????] ???? ???? ???, ?????? [????? ?????????] ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???. ? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??.”
[??]
????? ??????? ??? ??????????
[
?????? ???
]
???? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???. ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? (CE)?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????. ????? ????, ???????? (c. 178 ???(CE)), ????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??.???? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???. ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??. ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??.
???? ?????????,
?????????
, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??,
?????????
???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???. ???????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??. ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??, ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????.
“??????” ????????????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??, ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ???, ?????
??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? (Wild Weekend)
.
- ↑
????? (2002), ???. 84-90.
- ↑
?????? ?????-?????? ???? ??? ??????? (1995/6): "? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????."
????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????
4 (1996), ???. 75-142.
- ↑
?????? ?????-?????? (1998): "????? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ? ??????, ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????."
?????????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? 1: ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????
. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????-????????. ????????. 1998, ???. 79 , 93
- ↑
???, ???? (2001): "?? ???? ?? ????????????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????."
????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????
???, ???. 121-136; ???, ???? (2004): "?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????."
????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????
X (2004), ???. 167-176.
- ↑
????????, ????????.
????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????. ??? ???’?? (32-102 ???. C.); ? ??? ????? ??? ???; ? ????? ??’?? (112 ???. ?? ?????????? LXXVII ??
??? ??? ???
."
??’????? ???
7, ???. 232 ???? ??? 3.
- ↑
???, ????? ?. 2003. "???????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??
??? ??????
." 2?? ??????? ?????. (
??-????
).
- ↑
????????? ???,
?? ????? ???: ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????
2002, ?????? ??? 39.
- ↑
Sims-Williams, Nicolas. "Bactrian Language".
Encyclopaedia Iranica
.
3
. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- ↑
??. ?????, 1975, ???.402-408. ??.????????, 1997, ???.277, ??.???????, 1995, ???.152. ??. ????????, 1997, ??? .40. ?????????? ????? ?? "?? ? '?????? ? ?'??????".
- ↑
?????????, ??. ??????. (1971).
?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??
. ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????, ???????. XVIII. ???????.
- ↑
?? ???????? ?? ????? , ???201
- ↑
??. ???????????, ??. (1910-11): "????????? ?? ???-??-?? ????";
????????????? ????? ?? ???????, 1910-11
, ???. 25-32.
- ↑
??. ??. ??????? (1908-9): "??????????? ?? ???-??-?? ????.";
????????????? ????? ?? ???????, 1908-9
, ???. 38-59.
- ↑
?????, ?????. 1973.
?? ?????
Ku???as
. ??? 95 ???? ??????, ?????????? ?????????.
- ↑
?????, ?????. 1973.
?? ?????
Ku???as
. ??? 91 ???? ??????, ?????????? ?????????.
- ↑
?????, ?????, 1973.
?? ?????
Ku???as
. ??? 89 ???? ??????, ?????????? ?????????.
- ↑
????????, ????? ??: ?????, ?????. 1973.
?? ?????
Ku???as
. ????? 112. ???? ??????, ?????????? ?????????.
- Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (1998).
A history of India
. London; New York: Routledge.
ISBN
0-415-15482-0
.
CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (
link
)
- ?????, ??. ?. 1901. "????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? (????????? ? ?? ??????? ?? ??????-??????)."
?????? O
??. 4, ?????. 1901, ???.322?369.
- ?????, ???????? (2002). ?? "?????" ????. ??????? 26 (2002), ???. 84?90.
- Bopearachchi, Osmund
(2003).
De l'Indus a l'Oxus, Archeologie de l'Asie Centrale
(French???). Lattes: Association imago-musee de Lattes.
ISBN
2-9516679-2-2
.
CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (
link
) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
link
)
????????
???? ????????
|
????? ????
|
???????
??????????
|