????? ?? ??? (????? 23 ????? 1921, ?????????.) ??????? ??????????????. ????? 1940 ? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????? ??. ??? ??. ???? ??????; ????? ???????? ????????????????? 1941 ? ???. ?. ??? 1951 ? ?????.??. ???? ??????.

?????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. 1949-68 ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??? 1968-1979 ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????. 1979 ???? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ???. ?????? ?????,??????? ???? ?? 1963-64, 1970 ??? 1973 ? ????? (fellow) ???????. ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? fellow ????? ????? ??? ?????. ‘ ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ’ (General Economic Theory & Welfare Theory) ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? 1972 ?, ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????. ‘ ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ’ ????????? ‘ ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ’ (Growth Theory and Decision Theory) ???? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????.