??????? ?? ???????? (1805-1859) ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????????. ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????. ??????????? ?????? 1835-40 (Democracy in America) ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????????? 1856 (The old and the French Revolution) ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????. ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??, ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ???? 1830 ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????.

???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????. ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????, ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? 1831-32? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????.

???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ????. ???????? 1839 ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????, ?????????, ????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????. ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? (1948) ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????????? ???????. ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? 1849? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ????. ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??????? 1849? ??? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????. ???-????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ???????? ????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ????. ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????.

??????? ??? ????????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ???? ????, ???? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????. ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? (hierarchy) ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????. ???? ???????? ??????, ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ???????. ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ???????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ???????? ????? (Tyranny of majority) ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????, ???? ???????? ?????. ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????, ???? ???????? ????? ??????????.

??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????. ????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????????????? ??????, ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????. ????? ??????????? ????? ???????, ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????. ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????. ????????? ?????????????? ????, ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????. ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????????????.

?????? [ ??? ]

???????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? - ?????????