???????

????????

?????? ?????????????? ?? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????.??????? ??? ??????: 11 % 30 ????? ?? 18 % 27 ??? 74% 6?? 78%36 ????? .??????? ???? ??? ??????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ??? ????,???????? ???? ?????.

????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????.???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ??????????? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????. ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???. ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ????? ????? ???.?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????.?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????? ????? 600 ?? 1000 ???. ???.

???????? ???????? 320 ????. ???? ???. ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????.??????????? ???? 900 ?? 1200 ??. ??? ???. ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???.

?????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????-?????????, ????, ??????,???????? . ???????????? ?????? ??????,????????. ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????,?????? , ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????, ?????, ?????? ??? ???????? ????. ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ?????. ???????, ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ????. ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? “?????????” ????????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? “????? ????????” “?????? ????????” ??? “?????” ??? ?????? ??????.

??????? ???????? “?????” ??? ?????? ??????? “?????? ????” ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???. ??????? 300 ????. ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ???.

?????? [ ??? ]

????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????. ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????. ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????. ????????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????,(100 ???????? ??). ??????, ???????, ??????????, ??????, ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? 700 ????.???? 1000 ????. ????? ???? ???? . ?????? ????? ,??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ,??????, ????, ???????????, ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? 1300 ????. ???? 3000 ????. ????? ???? ????.

???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????.

?????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????. ???????,??????? (????), ?????, ?????, ?????? (?????), ????, ????, ???????, ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???. ????? ??? ????, ????? ???, ???, ????????, ???, ????, ??????, ??????, ????? ??????, ?????????? ???? ??????. ???????, ???????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????. ???????????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????.

?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????. ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????, ??? ????? ??????????? ????.

??????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????. ?? ???? ????????????, ??????????,???????????? ????? ?????????. ???? ????? ???????, ?????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????, ????????? ????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????, ???, ????? ????? ?????? ???.?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ?.?.?. 800 ????? ???? ????? ???. ??????? ???????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????.

???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????????, ??????? ???????????? ???????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????, ?????????????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ???????, ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????????? (????) ????? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ???. ?????? (????? ?????), ?????????? (??????????) ??????, ??????? (????????????) ??? ???????? (????????) ????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????, ????? ??? ?????????? ???????????. ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????.

?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? (?.?. 345 ?? ?.?. 550) ??? ??????? ???????? (?.?. 350- ?.?. 990) ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????. ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? 450 ?????? ???? ???. ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (500- 757) ????????? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????. ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ???????????? (597-642) ???? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????. ????????? ???????????? (742-755) ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? (783). ???????????????? ????? ?????? (793- 814) ????? ???????????? ?? ????.

?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????. ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????????, ????, ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????.?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????.

????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? (1156-1183). ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? (1006-1345) ?????? ?????. ?????????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????. ????????? (1104-1141) ?? ???? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. 1311 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? (1326-27) ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????.

??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? (1336-1565) ?? ?????? ?????. ???????????? ?????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? (1509-1529) ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????.

1347 ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ?????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ????????? 1471 ?????, ???, ???????,????? ????????, ??????? ???? ????????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????. ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??. 1565 ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????. ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????.

????????????? ????? ?????? (1636) ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????. 1687 ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????. ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ????.

??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????. 1799 ????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????. ?????? (1819), ???? (1827), ?????? (1841) ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. 1857 ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????.?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.

1907 ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????. 1923 ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????. 1940 ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????. 1947 ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????.

????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

1905-06 ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. 1920 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????. 1924 ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ???????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? 1946 ????? ????? ?????.

????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? 1 ??????? 1956 ???? ???? ??????????? ?????. 1967 ????????? ????.????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??. 1 ????????? 1973 ???? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????.

???????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ????? ??????? (???), ??????? (???????), ???????, ??????, ???????,????, ????????, ??????????, ?????? ?????, ??????, ?????, ????????, ????, ?????, ????,???????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ????? ????? ??? 20 ????????????? ???????.

?????????? 224 ?? ????????????? 63 ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????. ??. ??. ?????, ???. ??. ????, ????????? ?????, ?????? ???, ??.????????, ??????? ?????, ???. ??. ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????????. ????? ????.????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????. 12 ??? ?????? ?????? ???, 11 ??? ?????? ?????? ?????, 23 ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?????, ???, ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ???, ?????,???????, ???, ??????, ???????, ??????, ?????, ????, ????, ??????, ??????, ?????????, ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????.?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???.

???? ???????? ?????, ???, ????, ??????, ??????????, ????????, ????????,?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????. ???????? 5617 ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????.

???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????.????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????.

??????????? ???????, ???????, ?????, ??????, ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????. ????? ???, ???, ???, ??????, ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????.

????? ?????????? ???? ????, ???? (???? ??? ??????), ?????, ?????, ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????. ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????- HAL, HMT,BHEL, ITI. ??????- ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????.?????????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???? ???????, ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????. ???????? 27 ?????? ???????? ?????? ????.

??????? [ ??? ]

??????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????. ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???.??????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ????, ???????? ??? ???????, ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???. ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???.

?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????. ???????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????. ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????. ???????, ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????????? (Shimoga) ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????.

???????, ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????. ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????????????? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? (caves) ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ????.

????????? [ ??? ]

1982-83 ????? ????? ???????? 98,523 ????. ????????? ????? ????. 3,125 ????. ????????? ??????????? ????. ?????? 546 ????. ????????? ????????, 2,788 ????. ????????? ??????? ?? 153 ????. ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????.???????????? 287 ????. ????????? ?????????? 20 ??????? ????. ???????? 1980 ?????????? 9,337 ???? ???????, 2,463 ???????? ???????? ????.

???????? ?????? ???????, ?????, ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????, ??????????, ??????? ???????, ??????, ??????, ???????.

??? ??? ???????? [ ??? ]

1981 ??????? ???????????? 1,91,791 ??. ????. ?????????? ???? ???????? 37,043,451 ??? ??????.1000 ????????? 963 ????? ???? ?????? ???. ????????? 38.41%. ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???.

????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???. ?????, ???, ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????.

???????????, ???????, ????, ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ????. ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????.

??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???. ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????. ??????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ????????????,?????????, ???????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????????? ????????? ???. ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????. ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????. ???? ????? ???? ????????. ???????, ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????.

???: [ ??? ]

???????, ????????????, ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????. ?????.?????????, ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????. ?????? ??????? ???????,????????????, ????????? ????????? ??.? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????.

?????: [ ??? ]

??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???. ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????.

????????: ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????. ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???. ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ????, ?????? ????, ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????.

???????: [ ??? ]

?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???. ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ?????????????, ??????????????, ??????????????????, ?????????????????,????????????, ???????? ??????????????, ???????????????????? ????? ?????? ????. ??????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????. ??.??. ???????, ???? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????.??? ?????? ??? ???????:??. ???. ????????, ????????????? ??? ???????, ????????? ??????????? ????. ?????????????? ??. ??. ???????, ??????????????? ??????????, ??. ??. ???,?? ??. ????. ???, ????????, ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????.

??????-?????, ??????: [ ??? ]

???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??.?% ???, ??????? ????? ??.?% ?? ????? ??.?% ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ????: ?. ??????? ?????????-??????? ?. ??????? ?????????-?????? ?.????? ??????? ?????????-??????? ?. ???????? ?????????-????? ?.?????? ?????????-?????? ?. ???????? ?????????-???????? ?. ??????? ?????????-??????? ?. ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????-??????? ?.????? ??????? ????????-??????. ?. ???????? ??,??? ???????? ????, ???? ???????? ????, ?? ?????????????, ??? ?????????????, ?? ????? ????????????? ???? (????-??).

???? ??? ???????: [ ??? ]

?????????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??.?% ???. ?????? ???????? ?.?%??????, ?.?% ?????, ?.?% ????, ?.?% ???? ??? ?.?% ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???. ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???????? (?? ??? ?????), ?????, ???????, ?????????, ????, ????? ????? (?? ??? ?????) ??????? (?? ??? ?????) ??????, ??????? (?? ??? ?? ??? ?????) ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????. ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ??. ????. ????????,??.?? ????????, ?????? ??????? ????????, ??,?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ?.???. ???????? (??? ??? ??????????), ????. ??. ????? (??? ??? ??????????),?????????? ???? (??? ??? ????????), ?? ???. ????? (??? ??? ?????????),????? ??????? (???????), ?????? ?? (???), ?????? (???????) ??????????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? (??? ??????? ????) ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????.

?????????? ????: [ ??? ]

??????? ???????, ??????, ?????? ??? ?????, ??????, ???????, ??????, ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????, ??????? ???????, ??????? ??? (???????), ???, ?????, ?????????? ?? ?????, ??????, ??????????, ???????, ?????????, ??????? ??????, ??????, ????????, ??????????? ??? ?????? ????, ??????,?????, ?????, ?????????, ?????? ???????, ???, ?????????, ??????,??? ???????, ????????, ????????????, ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ????.

Polleiat [ ??? ]

Karnataka