Rock-cut Lord --Buddha-- Statue at Bojjanakonda near Anakapalle of Visakhapatnam dist in AP
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?? 1500 ??. ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ??? ???????? (900 ??.) ????? ??? ????. ???????? ????? ????? ????. ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? 450 ?? 600 ??. ?? ????????????? ????? ????? 300 ?? 450 ??. ???. ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??????. ??????-??????? ???????????, ??????????? ?????-??????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????.
??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???. ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????????? 720 ????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????. ??????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ???? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????, ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????.
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?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? 37˚ ??. ?? 44˚ ??. ????? ????. ???? ??????? ?? 50˚ ??. ????? ???. ????????????? ????????? ?????? 16˚ ??. ?? 19˚ ??. ????? ????. ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????. ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???-???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??-???????? ???? ?????. ?????????? ??????? ???????? 110 ?? 125 ?????. ???? ????. ????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????. ???????? ???????? (???????, ???????, ??????, ?????? ?? ??????) ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???.????????? ?????????????? ????? ????-????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????. ?????? ???????? ????-??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????.
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???? ???????? 22.5% ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???. ????????, ?????????????, ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ??????, ??????, ????? ???, ?????, ???? ????? ???, ????? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????????????? ??????? ???? (????????) ?? 1981-82 ?????, ???? ??????? 157.177 ???????? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ???, ??????, ??????, ????, ????????, ??? ???????? ?????, ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ??????, ???????, ???????, ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????.
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????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????. ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????. ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????. ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ???????????? ????? ????. ?. ?. ?. ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????. ?. ?. ?. ????? 225 ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???????? ????????,???, ?????????? ????????, ???????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ???????? ???, ?????????? ??? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ????,????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ????. ??????? ???????? ??, ?????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???, ???????????, ????????, ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ‘ ????????? ’ ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????.
?????????????, ???????? ???????? ???, ?????????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ???, ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????. ?? 850 ???? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? (?????) ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????. ?. ?. 1022 ?? 1063 ????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???????.???????????? ?????? ??????????, ???, ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????. ???????? ????? ????? ?. ?.1150 ?? 1325 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????. ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???????? (1202-62), ???? ??? ????????????? (1262-92) ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? (1292-1323) ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????. 1323 ? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????; ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????. 23 ???????? 1565 ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ‘ ???????? ’ ????? ???????.
????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? (1328-1424). ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? 1509 ?? 1530 ?????? ????????? ????? ??????. ????? ??????????? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. 1565 ? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????. ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????. 1580 ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????. ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????. ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????. 1687 ? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????. ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ??????, ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????-????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ????????????? ????.
1611 ? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????.1628 ? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????. ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????. ??????-
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??????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????. ????? 1795 ? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ????????????, ???????, ??????, ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ??????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? 1800 ? ?????????? ???? ?????.
1857 ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????. ??????????? ??? ???-??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ?????-???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????. 1952 ? ??. ???????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????.
?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? 1913 ???? ???? ??????. ??????-????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? 58 ??????? ???? ????. ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????. 1 ??????? 1953 ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? (???????? ??????) ??????????? ?????. ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????. ??. ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????. 1955 ? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? (???????) ??????? ???? (?? 1953).???????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? 1956 ? ????? (11 ??????) ??? ???????? (9 ??????) ????? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????.
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????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????, ???????, ??????, ????? ???????, ???????, ??????, ??????, ???????, ???????, ??????????,????????????, ?????????, ?????? ???????, ????????, ????????, ???? ??????, ???????, ?????, ????????, ????, ???????, ?????????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????????? ?????????? 295 ?????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ????? ????? 1 ??? 1985 ????? ??????? ????. ???????? 41 ?? ???????? 18 ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????.???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????.
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????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ?????????? ????? 74% ????? ??? ???-???????? ????. ??????, ???????,??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????, ???, ?????, ????, ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????. ???????? ???????? ?????, ??????, ???????, ???, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????. ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??????, ??? ??????? ?????, ??-????? ????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????, ??????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. 1981-82 ? ????????? ??????? 11.4 ?????? ?? ?????. 9.22 ?????? ?????? ???? ??-?????????? ???? 13.04 ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????. ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? 26% ???? ???-???????, 20% ????????? ?? 15.9% ?????, ?????, ???, ???, ???, ????, ??? ???? ??????????? ???. ?????, ????, ????, ????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ?????????, ??????, ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????.???? ?????? ???-?????????? ????. 1972 ? ???? ?????????? 600 ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????.
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????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ????????, ?????, ?????, ????, ???????????, ?????????, ???????, ????????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ???????????? ??????? ????, ??????, ??????, ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ?????, ????????, ????????, ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ?????, ????????, ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? 3908 ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????. ????????, ????????, ?????????, ??????, ??????, ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? 2,018 ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????. ???????, ???????,????????, ???????, ?????, ???????, ??????, ??????, ?????? ?????? 390 ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????. ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? 30 ?????? ?? ????.
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????? ???????? 982 ????. ????????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ????? 32,000 ??. ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????. ?????? 4 ??? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????. 1980 ? 1,16,013 ?? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????. ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? 238.0 ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???. ??????? ???????? ????? 150.5 ?????? ????????? ??? ?????. ????? ??????????? 3.26 ??? ??? ???????????????? ????.
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????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????,??????????? ???????????????? ?????, ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????????????? ?????, ????? ??????, ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????.????????-?????????? ???-?????, ????? ????, 1591 ? ????????? ??? ?????, ????????? ????????????????, ???????? ????????, ????? ????????, ???? ?????, ????? ????????, ????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ????? ????.???????? ???? 8 ????. ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???. ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ????????.
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????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ????? ???? ???. 1988-89 ???? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? 62 ???? ???????? ????? ??????. ???????? 649 ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? 3353.13 ???? ????????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? 4.3 ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????. 66534 ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? 878.23 ???? ????????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? 6.25 ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????. ????? ???? ?????, ???????? ??????, ????????????????, ???????? ???????, ????, ?????, ???????? ???????, ???????? ???, ?????, ????? ??????????, ?????, ??????????
??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????. ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ???????????, ?????,????????, ????????, ?????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????, ????????? ????????, ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????, ??????????? ????????, ?????, ??????, ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????, ????????? ??????, ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????. ??????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????, ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????.
??? 1977 ????? ????? ????????? 51 ???????? ??????, 28 ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? 20 ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ???????? 6,00,000 ??? ?????? ???????? ?????. ???? ????????? 1981-82 ? 420 ?????? ??. ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? 20% ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????.
???????, ???????, ?????, ????, ??? ?????, ???? ??????????? ??? ????, ????????????? ????? ???, ???????? ?????, ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ?????, ??????? ????, ???????, ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????. ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????.
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1980-81 ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? 1.259 ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ???????? 0.828 ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????. 1980-81 ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? (40,873 ??????), ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????-1 (48,198 ??????), ????????? ??-?????? ????? (60,298 ??????), ??. ??. ????? (0.122 ?????? ??????), ??? (47,920 ??????),????????????? (0.868 ?????? ??????) ??? ??????????? (0.2967 ?????? ??????) ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????-??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? 146 ????? ???????? ?????? ??? 200 ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? 2,32,403 ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? (80-81). ???????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????. ????????, ?????????, ????? ????, ??? ??????, ???? ??????, ????????, ?????????????, ?????????, ?????????, ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?????????, ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? (??????) ?????? ??????? ????. 1981-82 ? 8,873.9 ?????? ??????? ????. ???????? 19,284 ???????? ??? ????? ????.
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1981-82 ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? (2357 ????.), ????? ???????? (8387 ????.) ????? ??????????? (18072 ????.) ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? (74, 930 ????.) ????. ???, ???, ?????, ?????, ??????, ?????????, ????????, ???, ????, ????? ????? 2,72,274 ?????? ??????????????? ????????.
??????? ?????, ?????? ?????, ????????? ?????, ??????-?????? ?????, ????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????. ???????????? ???? ?????? 1845 ????. ???.??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ????????????? 6,224 ????. ????????? ??????-????? ???????. ?????????? ??????? ??????-????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???. ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???.???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ????. ???????? ?????? ????????-????????, ?????? ?????????-????????, ??? ????????, ??????-????????, ????????????????- ???????? ??? ????????, ????? ??????- ????????, ?????????-????????, ?????-????????, ?????????????, ???????? ??? ???????. ?????? ??????. ??????? ?????- ????????.
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1981 ???? ?????? ?????? 2,75,068 ??. ????. ?????????? 53,549,673 ??? ??????. ?? ??. ????. 194 ??? ?????. ?? 1000 ???????????????? 975 ????? ???????? ????. ????????? ??????? ?????? 7.82% ????? ???. ??????????? ?????? 29.73% ???? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???. ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????. 1961 ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? 88%, ??????? 8%, ??? ?????????? 4% ????. ?????, ????? ????, ??????, ??? ????????, ????, ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? 31 ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????.
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?????? ???????, ???????? ???? ????? ?????. ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ???. ?? ???-????? ???? ???? ??????. ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????. ???? ‘ ????????? ’ ???????.??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????.
???????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ‘ ????? ’ ???????? ??? ??????? ?????. ???????? ??? ??????, ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ‘ ???? ’ ???????? ??????? ???? ?????. ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????. ???? ??????? ????, ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????. ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ???????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????- ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????????, ?????????????? ?????? ?????, ????????, ????? ????, ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????. 1591 ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ‘???????? ’, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????, ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????, ?????? ??????, ?????, ?????? ????, ??????? ???, ???????? ????????, ????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????.
????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???. ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?. ????????, ??????????? ???????????, ??. ??.??????, ???. ????. ???????, ??????? ????, ????? ???????, ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????.
?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????, ?????, ??????-?????????, ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????, ???? ????? ????????????? ???? ???? ????.?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????.
???????
[
???
]
????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? 29.94% (1981) ???. ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? 26 ????? 1982 ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????. ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ????? 14 ?????? 1983 ???? ???? ?????.
1980-81 ????? 40656 ???????? ??????? 53.68 ??? ??????????, 4782 ???? ???????? ???????? 88.2 ??? ??????????, 3842 ???????? ???????? 8.92 ??? ?????????? ???? ??????. ?????? 468 ???? ???????? ???? ??? 387 ????????????? 80-81 ????? ???????? ?????.
1980-81 ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????. 1. ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????, ???????? 2. ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????, ???????? 3. ???????? ?????????, ???????? 4. ????????? ?????????, ???????? 5. ????? ?????????, ???????? (?????????????) 6. ????. ????????????? ?????????, ??????? 7. ??????? ?????????, ????? 8. ????????? ?????????, ??????? 9. ???? ??????????? ?????????, ???????.
?????? ????????
[
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?????? ????? ????????? ?? ‘ ?????? ’ ????? ???????. ‘ ?????? ’ ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ????. ?. ?. ?. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????. ?. ?. ????? ?????????? ‘ ?????? ’ ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????.1. ?????? (?. ?. ?. 250 ?? ?. ?. 1000) 2. ???? ?????? (1001 ?? 1150) 3. ????? ?????? (1151 ?? 1500) 4. ????? ?????? (1501 ?? 1700) 5. ???? ?????? (1701 ?? 1850) 6. ????????? ?????? (1851 ?? 1947) 7. ????????????- ???????? ?????? (1947 ??????).
???????
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?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ‘ ?????? ’???????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ?.?.?. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?.?.?. 200 ??????, ???????????????? ?????????, ???????????, ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ????, ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????
????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ??????? ?.?. 575 ? ?? ‘ ???????? ????? ??? ’ ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????. ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? (?.?. 848) ‘ ??????? ????? ?????? ’ ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.
???? ?????? (?.?. 1001 ?? ?.?. 1150):
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??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????; ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????. ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ‘ ?????? ??????? ’ ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???. ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ‘ ???????????? ’ ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???. ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????, ??????????? ‘ ????????? ’,????????? ????????? ‘ ???? ??????? ’, ‘ ????? - ?????? ’ ??? ‘ ?????? ????? ’ ????? ?????? ????.
????? ?????? (1151 ?? 1500):
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??????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????. ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????. ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????. ?????? ??????? (1380-1450) ?? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????, ???????? ???????,??????????, ???????, ???????, ???????????????, ????????????????, ????????????????????, ??????????????? ???? ???????-???? ?????????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ‘ ???????? ’ ??? ???????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???-?????????? ???????? ??????? ????. ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? 4 ?? 18 ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????. ??? ?????????? (1200-50)?????, ‘ ???????????? ’ ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???. ???????? ??????????? (1423-1502) ???? ???????? ???? 13,000 ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????.
?????? ????????? ????? ???? (1220-60) ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? (????????????) ?????? ????. ???? ‘ ???????????? ’ ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????. ????????? ?????????? (1425-90) ?????? ‘ ??????? ??????? ’ ??? ‘???????????? ’ ????? ‘ ????????? ’ ??? ‘ ???????? ’ ???? ??????? ‘ ??????????????? ’ ??? ‘ ??????????? ’ ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????.
????? ?????? (1501 ?? 1700):
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????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? (1506-1530) ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????.???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ‘ ????????? ’ ?????? ????????. ????? ????????????? ‘ ????????????? ’ ???? ???????? ????? ????. ???? ???????? ‘ ?????????? ’ ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ????????? ???????, ????????? ????, ?????????? ???????, ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????-??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????????? ‘ ????????? ’, ?????? ???????? ‘ ????????? ’, ?????? ???????????? ‘ ??????????????????? ’, ??????????? ‘ ?????? ???? ’, ??????????????? ‘ ????????????? ’
??? ??????????? ???? ??? ????????????? (??????????????) ???? ??????. 1565 ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????, ???????? ????, ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????. ????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ‘ ??????? ’ ??????? ???? ???????????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????????? ‘ ??????????? ’ ????????.
???? ?????? (1701 ?? 1850):
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???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ???????? (1701-56) ????? ???? ?????? ???, ????, ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ‘ ????? ?????? ’ ‘ ??????????? ’????? ??????????? ???. ?????? ????? ‘ ???????? ?????? ??? ’ ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???,????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???, ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????????, ??????????? ??????? ???????????,?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????.
????????? ?????? (1851 ?? 1947):
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??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????. ??????? ????????, ????????, ????????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????????, ???????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???-??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????.
??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???. ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ‘?????? ’ ?? ‘ ???????? ’ ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????, ????????, ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? (1898-1938), ???????? ????????????, ???????? ?????????? (1906-62) ??. ?????? ?????? (1930) ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? (1922), ????????? ?????, ??????????, ?????????? ????? ?????.
?????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? 1875 ??????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ???????? ??????????????, ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? (?????? ?????????????) ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????. ???????? ?? ??????????? 1910 ? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????. ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???? ????.
?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????. 1873 ? ??????? ??????????? ???? ‘ ??????? ??????? ’ ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????. ???????? ???? ????????? ‘ ???? ??????? ’,????? ????????????????? ‘ ???????? ’ ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????, ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????????, ??????? ????????, ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????.
?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????, ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????. ?????, ?????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????.
???????????? ???????? ?????? (1947 ??????):
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???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ???-??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???, ?????, ???????, ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????.
??????
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???? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ‘ ??????? ’ ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????. ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????. ??????? ????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????. ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ‘ ????? ????? ???? ’ ???? ???????? ?????.???????????? ??????? ‘ ???????? ’, ?????????, ???????? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? (1919-66), ?????????, ??????, ???????, ?????????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????.?????? ??? ??. ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???????? ????? ?????????? ???. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????. ???????? ????????????? ‘ ???? ?????? ??????????? ’ ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ‘ ??????????? ’ ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????. ??????? ????????, ????????? ?????, ??????????, ??????????, ????-?????????, ??????, ??. ????, ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????.
????
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??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???-??????? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ‘ ???????? ’, ‘ ???????? ’, ‘ ??????? ’, ??????????? ’ ???? ??? ????????.?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????, ??????????? ?????????, ??????????, ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???. 1960 ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????. ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????, ??????? ????????, ???????? ????????????, ?????? ???????????, ????????? ???????, ????????, ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????.???????? ???????? ?????? ???-????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????, ????????, ????????, ???????????, ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????.
????????
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?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????. ??????????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????? ????????, ???. ???. ?????????, ???? ??????? ????? ????. ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ‘ ????? ????? ’, ‘ ????? ’, ‘ ??????? ’, ‘ ??????? ’ ????????? ?????. ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????. ???. ???. ?????? ‘ ?????????? ’ ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????. ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ‘??? ??????? ’, ‘ ?????????? ?????? ’, ‘ ??????? ’ ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????, ?????,???, ?????????????, ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????. ??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????, ??. ????????, ??????????, ????????, ?????? ????????, ???????????, ?????? ???????, ????, ????? ?????????????, ?????? ???????? ????? ????.
?????
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???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????. ?????????????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????.
??. ????. ??????? (??????), ?????? ????????? (???????????), ??????? ????????????? (?????????, ???, ??????? ?????), ?????????? ???????? (???????????), ?????? ?????????? (??????????? ????), ?????? ???????? (?????) ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????. ???????? ????????????? ?????????, ???, ?????, ???????????, ????????? ???????????,???????????? ?? ???????? ????. ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????
????? ???? ???.
1955: ??????? ?????? ??????, 1956: ?????? ????????????, 1957: ??????????? ??????,1960: ???????? ??????? ??????, 1961: ?????????? ???????????, 1962: ???????? ??????????, 1963: ??. ???????, 1964: ?????? ??????, 1965: ?????? ?????????? ?????????,1969: ??????? ???????? ??????, 1970: ????????? ??? ?????? ????, 1971: ???? ????????, 1972: ????. ????., 1973: ??. ?????? ??????, 1974: ??????, 1975: ???? ???????, 1977:????????? ?????????, 1978: ?????????? ????. ?????? ????????, 1979: ??. ???????????????, 1981: ????. ??. ?????, 1982: ???????? ???????????, 1983: ?????? ????????, 1984: ????? ??????, 1985: ????????? ????????, 1986: ??. ????. ????????????? 1987: ???????, 1988: ???????? ????????? ??????, 1989: ??. ????. ???????.
1958, 1959, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1976 ??? 1980 ????? ???????? ????? ???.
?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? 1970 ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ‘????????????????? ’ ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? 1989 ????? ??. ?????? ?????? ?????? ‘ ???????? ’ ???? ?????????? ??? ????.
?????????? ????:
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???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????, ????????????? ???????, ?????????? ????????????? ?????, ????????????? ????? ????????? ?????,??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???, ??????????? ??????? ?????, ?????????? ???????????? ????????, ??????????? ???????????? ??, ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????, ?????????? ????? ????, ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????, ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????. ?????????, ????????, ????????? ???????, ?????????????, ????????, ????????????? ??? ??????; ????????, ??????, ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????.
??????
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Polleiat
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Andhra_Pradesh