??? ?? ?? ?? ?? (???? ???: Bos taurus) ???? ???????? ????? ? ??????? (Bovidae) ? ??? ? ??? (Bos) ?? ????. ^[?] ????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????? (??????? ???) ? ??? ? ???????-? ???? ??. ^[?]

??? ? ???? ? ??? ????? ? ???? ? ??? ? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ?? ? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ??. ????? ?? ??,??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???-? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ? ?????? -? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ^[?] ???? ?????? ??? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?,? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????. ^[?]

????? [ ????????? ]

????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ? ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ? ?? ? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ????.

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???? [ ????????? ]

1. ↑ ?????? ???? ????. ????? ??? ???? . ?????: ???????? ??????? ?????. ??? ?????. ????.
2. ↑ {MSW3|heading= Bos |id=14200674}}
3. ↑ {cite journal|last1=Bollongino|first1=R.|last2=Burger|first2=J.|last3=Powell|first3=A.|last4=Mashkour|first4=M.|last5=Vigne|first5=J. -D.|last6=Thomas|first6=M. G.|year=2012|title=Modern taurine cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders|url= http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/14/molbev.mss092%7Cdeadurl=no%7Cjournal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=29|issue=9|pages=2101?2104|doi=10.1093/molbev/mss092|pmid=22422765|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120331193505/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/14/molbev.mss092%7Carchivedate=31 March 2012}} Op. cit. in {cite news|last1=Wilkins|first1=Alasdair|work= io9 |url= http://io9.com/5897169/dna-reveals-that-cows-were-almost-impossible-to-domesticate?tag=archaeology%7Ctitle=DNA reveals that cows were almost impossible to domesticate|date=28 March 2012|accessdate=2 April 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120512072737/http://io9.com/5897169/dna-reveals-that-cows-were-almost-impossible-to-domesticate?tag=archaeology%7Carchivedate=12 May 2012}}
4. ↑ {cite journal|date=27 July 2011|title=Counting Chickens|url= https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/07/global-livestock-counts%7Cdeadurl=no%7Cjournal=The Economist|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160715181213/http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/07/global-livestock-counts%7Carchivedate=15 July 2016|accessdate=6 July 2016}}
5. ↑ {?????? ??|?????=FAOSTAT|?????= http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize%7C?????=www.fao.org%7C???????=2020-07-09}}