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??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ( ??????? : Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs ) ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? - ??????? ?? ????. ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ^[?] ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????.

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??????? ????-???????? ?? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ^[?]^[?]^[?] ? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? (?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??) ????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??.

????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ≪?? ??????????≫ ?????? ??. ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??. ^[?]^[?]

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?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????.

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↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1995" . Nobel Prize .
↑ SB (1955-07-09). "Statement: The Russell-Einstein Manifesto" . Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (?? ???????) . Retrieved 2019-12-10 .
↑ Pugwash (1955-07-09). "London launch of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto" . Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (?? ???????) . Retrieved 2019-12-10 .
↑ ≪The Russell- Einstein Manifesto≫ (PDF) . ??????????? ?? ???? (PDF) ?? ?? ????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? .
↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1995" . NobelPrize.org (?? ???????) . Retrieved 2020-09-16 .
↑ Admin, T. L. "Thinkers Lodge - Thinkers Lodge - Beautiful, historic venue for weddings, conferences, and retreats in Nova Scotia, Canada" . Thinkers Lodge (?? ???????) . Retrieved 2019-12-10 .

?????????????? ?????????. ≪ Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs ≫. ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ????.

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
Russia: Russian Pugwash Committee
Canada: Canadian Pugwash Group -see: April 2007 YouTube video of Canadian Pugwash ?? ??????
France: Association Francaise pour le Mouvement Pugwash
The First Pugwash Conference .
The Nobel Peace Prize, 1995 .
Profile of Joseph Rotblat
The Early Days of Pugwash , by Joseph Rotblat in Physics Today , June 2001.
Pugwash And The International Treaties On Chemical And Biological Warfare , by J.P. Perry Robinson.
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (Rome, through 1996 only)
The Dagomys Declaration on Environmental Degradation .
J. Rotblat, Scientists in the Quest for Peace: A history of the Pugwash Conferences, MIT Press,1972.

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????? ???	Albania Angola Argentina ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia & Herzegovina ( Republic of Srpska ) Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cameroon Canada Caribbean Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Cote d'Ivoire Denmark Dominican Republic Egypt ?????? ???? ?????? Ethiopia Finland ?????? Georgia ????? Ghana ?????? ??? Guatemala ???????? India Indonesia ????? Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Laos ?????? ???? ????? Lebanon Lesotho Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania ????? Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea ??????? ????? Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland ???? Switzerland Taiwan ????????? Tanzania Thailand Togo Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? Uruguay Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe
??????? ??? ?????????? ????	??????? ?????????? ????????? (IAU) International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) International Cartographic Association (ICA) International Geographical Union (IGU) ??????? ????? ??????? (IMU) ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ??? (ISPRS) International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine (IUPESM) International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES) International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) International Union of Food Science & Technology (IUFoST) International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) ??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????? (IUGG) ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? (IUGS) International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS) International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) International Union of Materials Research Societies (IUMRS) International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) ?????? (IUPAC) ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ? ??????? (IUPAP) ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? (URSI) International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) International Union of Toxicology
????? ??? ????	Academia de Ciencias de America Latina (ACAL) Engineering Committee on Oceanic Resources (ECOR) Federation of Asian Scientific Academies and Societies (FASAS) International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR) International Commission for Acoustics (ICA) International Commission for Optics (ICO) International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) International Council for Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI) International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) ???????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? (IFLA) International Federation of Societies for Microscopy (IFSM) International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? (IFS) International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications (IUVSTA) International Union of Speleology (UIS) International Water Association (IWA) Pacific Science Association (PSA) Society for Social Studies of Science (4S) The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)

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