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????? ?? ? ??? (?? ??????? : pH ) ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? pH ?????? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? pH ??????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ???? (24.99 ???? ??????)? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ?? ????????? pH ?? ????? ? ????? ???.

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????? pH ?? ????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? (???? ?? ?? pH ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????? (?? ?? ?????? ??????? ) ????? ???). ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? pH ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ??? pH ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???. ^[?]

?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ?? pH ???? ?? ? ????? ????? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?? pH ?????? ?? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ????? pH ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? pH ???? ?? ? ???? ????? ???. ????? pH ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???. ^[?]

????? pH ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ( glass electrode ) ? pH ??? ? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????.

??????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ??? ??.??.??. ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? pH ?? ??? ???. ^[?] ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??. ????? ???? ??? p ?? pH ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????????. ^[?] ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ( potential ) ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ( power ) 10 ???? ??????? ??????? ???. ?? ????? p ???????? ?? ?? ????? " power" ? ?? ?? ????? "potential" ????? ????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? "p" ? ????? ???? ?? "q" ?????? ????. ^[?]

????? [ ?????? ]

pH ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? $a_{H+}$ ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????: ^[?]

${\ce {pH}}=-\log _{10}(a_{{\ce {H+}}})=\log _{10}\left({\frac {1}{a_{{\ce {H+}}}}}\right)$

???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? $5\times10 ?6$ ?????? ????: $1/(5\times10 ?6) = ?\times10 5$ ? ?? ????? pH ????? ????? ??? ??:

$log 10 (2\times10 5) = ???$

?? ???? ???? (pH (298K ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ????????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ^?-?????.
?? ???? ???? (298K) ?????? ????? pH ?? (?? ~ ?) ???. ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? pH = ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????.
?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? pH ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ???K ??? ???? ?? (??~?) ????? ??????. ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? pH=??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???.

????????? (Indicators) [ ?????? ]

???? ????? pH ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???. ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? pH ?? ???? ???. ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? pH ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????.

????? [ ?????? ]

↑ ?????????? ???????
↑ Bates, Roger G. Determination of pH: theory and practice . Wiley, 1973.
↑ Lim, Kieran F. (2006). "Negative pH Does Exist". Journal of Chemical Education . 83 (10): 1465. Bibcode : 2006JChEd..83.1465L . doi : 10.1021/ed083p1465 .
↑ Sørensen, S. P. L. (1909). "Uber die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen". Biochem. Zeitschr . 21 : 131?304. Two other publications appeared in 1909, one in French and one in Danish.
↑ Francl, Michelle (August 2010). "Urban legends of chemistry" . Nature Chemistry . 2 (8): 600?601. doi : 10.1038/nchem.750 . ISSN 1755-4330 . PMID 20651711 .
↑ Myers, Rollie J. (2010). "One-Hundred Years of pH" . Journal of Chemical Education . 87 (1): 30?32. Bibcode : 2010JChEd..87...30M . doi : 10.1021/ed800002c .
↑ Covington, A. K.; Bates, R. G.; Durst, R. A. (1985). "Definitions of pH scales, standard reference values, measurement of pH, and related terminology" (PDF) . Pure Appl. Chem . 57 (3): 531?542. doi : 10.1351/pac198557030531 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2007.

[1] ?????????? ???????

[Bates-2] Bates, Roger G. Determination of pH: theory and practice . Wiley, 1973.

[3] Lim, Kieran F. (2006). "Negative pH Does Exist". Journal of Chemical Education . 83 (10): 1465. Bibcode : 2006JChEd..83.1465L . doi : 10.1021/ed083p1465 .

[4] Sørensen, S. P. L. (1909). "Uber die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen". Biochem. Zeitschr . 21 : 131?304. Two other publications appeared in 1909, one in French and one in Danish.

[5] Francl, Michelle (August 2010). "Urban legends of chemistry" . Nature Chemistry . 2 (8): 600?601. doi : 10.1038/nchem.750 . ISSN 1755-4330 . PMID 20651711 .

[6] Myers, Rollie J. (2010). "One-Hundred Years of pH" . Journal of Chemical Education . 87 (1): 30?32. Bibcode : 2010JChEd..87...30M . doi : 10.1021/ed800002c .

[covington-7] Covington, A. K.; Bates, R. G.; Durst, R. A. (1985). "Definitions of pH scales, standard reference values, measurement of pH, and related terminology" (PDF) . Pure Appl. Chem . 57 (3): 531?542. doi : 10.1351/pac198557030531 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2007.

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