????? ?????-????? (????)

?? ?????????? ????????? ????

????? ?????-????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??. [?] [?] ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????. [?] ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ???. [?]

?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ≪?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????.≫ [?] ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??: ≪??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???.≫ [?] ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???. [?]

????????? [ ?????? ]

??? ????? ????

?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??. [?] ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???????????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??. [?] ?? ?? ????? ?? ≪?????? ????≫ ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. [?] ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??. [?]

?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???.??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. [?] ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????.????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????.????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????. [?] ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????. [?]

????? [ ?????? ]

????? ????? ????? ??? ?????:

  • ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???. [?]
  • ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ???. [?] [?]
  • ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ?????. [?]
  • ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???. [?]
  • ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? (? ???? ?? ?????) ??. [?] [?]

?????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ ??? ??? Rashtiani 2018 , p. 165.
  2. ↑ ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Matthee 1999 , p. 222.
  3. ↑ Rashtiani 2018 , p. 166.
  4. ↑ Atkin 1980 , p. 4.
  5. ↑ ??? ??? ??? Matthee 2005 , p. 27.
  6. ↑ Axworthy 2010 , p. 42.
  7. ↑ Rashtiani 2018 , pp. 166-167.
  8. ↑ ??? ??? Matthee 1999 , p. 220.
  9. ↑ Rashtiani 2018 , pp. 165-166.

????? [ ?????? ]

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  • Lockhart, Laurence (1958). The Fall of the Safav? Dynasty and the Afghan Occupation of Persia . Cambridge University Press.
  • Matthee, Rudolph P. (1999). The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600?1730 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN   978-0-521-64131-9 .
  • Matthee, Rudolph P. (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500?1900 . Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-0-691-11855-0 .
  • Matthee, Rudi (2012). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan . London: I.B.Tauris. pp.  1 ?371. ISBN   978-1-84511-745-0 .
  • Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1991). "Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921". In Avery, Peter ; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran . Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-20095-0 .
  • Rashtiani, Goodarz (2018). "Iranian?Russian Relations in the Eighteenth Century". In Axworthy, Michael (ed.). Crisis, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran . Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0190250331 .
  • Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-275-96891-5 .
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