?????????

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Populares
????????? ; Populares
????	??????? ??????
	????? ?????? ; ????? ?????? ; ?????? ???????? ???? ; ?????? ???????? ?????????? ; ?????? ??????? ????? ; ?????? ???? ; ???? ?????? ; ?????? ??????? ?????? ; ????????
???????????	133?.?
?????? ? ??????	36?.?
???? ?????	???? ?????
????	????? ??????? ; ????? ???? ; ??????? ???? ; ????? ?????? ??

???????? (?? ????? : Populares ) ?? ????? ≪????????? ????≫ ^∗ ? ??? ???? ?? ????????? (?? ????? : Popularis ) ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????.

????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ( ??????? ? ????? ?????? ) ^∗ ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ^∗? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ^∗ ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ^∗ ( ???????? ) ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ^∗ ? ??????? ????? ^∗ ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? (???????) ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ( ??????? ????)? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????.

?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???. ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ^∗ ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? (?????? ??????) ??? ?????? ???????.

??????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????????? ???? (????????? ??????? ) ? ????? ??????? ^∗ ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????: ????? ??? ????? ???? (??????. ?)? ????? ??? ????? ???? (??????. ?)? ??? ????????? ^∗ (??????. ?)? ???? ?????? ????? (???. ?)? ??? ????? ???? (??????. ?)? ??? ????? ???-???? (??????. ?)? ??? ????? ???????????? ^∗ (??????. ?)? ? ???? ????? (??????. ?).

????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? (????. ? ? ????. ?). ^[?] ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? (?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????) ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? ?? ???. ? ?? ???. ? ???? ????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? (???. ? ?? ???. ?) ?? ?????? ???????? ???? (?? ??????? ???) ???? ??????. ^[?] ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???. ? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ^∗(???. ? ?? ???. ?) ??? ???????. ????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???. ^[?] ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????. ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????. ??????? ???? ?????????? ? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? (???. ?) ???? ?????? ?????? (?? ???????) ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? (senatus consultum ultimum) ^∗ ???????? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????.

?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ^∗? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?????. ^[?]^[?] ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???. ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???. ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???. ^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

??????? [ ?????? ]

^ . favoring the people

^ . Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus & Gaius Sempronius Gracchus

^ . grain dole

^ . Ager publicus

^ . plebiscites

^ . Lucius Saturninus

^ . Publius Clodius Pulcher

^ . Gaius Norbanus

^ . Plebeian Council

^ . Sertorian war

^ . Liberators' civil war

^ . ?? ???????: first Triumvirate? ?? ?????????: Primo triumvirato

^ . ?? ???????: final decree of the senate? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ^[??]

^ . Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos

?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ de Ligt, Luuk and Northwood, Simon J. People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14 (2008). Leiden. Brill NV.
↑ Santangelo, Federico (2007). Sulla, the Elites and the Empire a Study of Roman Policies in Italy and the Greek east . Brill Leiden. pp. 18 ?23.
↑ Sheppard, P. (producer). (2010). Rome: Part Two: From the Late Republic to the Fall of the Roman Empire: 121 BC to 476 AD (2010, audio video file). Phil Sheppard Productions. Retrieved from World History in video database.
↑ Sumner, G. V. Cicero, Pompeius, and Rullus (1966). Transactions and proceedings of the American Philological Association. Vol. 97. pp. 573.
↑ Mitchell, T. N. Cicero, Pompey and the Rise of the First Triumvirate (1973). Traditio. Vol. 29. pp. 2?8.
↑ Pelling, Christopher . "Plutarch and Roman Politics" in Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing. Papers Presented at a Conference in Leeds, 6?8 April 1983 (Cambridge University Press, 1986). pp. 159?16, 165?169 .
↑ Plutarch ( Parallel Lives, the Life of Caesar ) is very concerned to explain Julius Caesar 's rise to tyranny. From the beginning, Caesar is the champion and the favorite of the Roman demos . When they support him, he rises, but when he loses their favor he falls too.
↑ Cassius Dio (36.43.3) noted that Julius Caesar "courted the good-will of the multitude, observing how much stronger they were than the senate".
↑ Millar, Fergus . The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (University of Michigan Press, 2002). pp. 75?76 et passim .
↑ Taylor, Lily Ross . Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (University of California Press, 1949). p. 93 et passim .
↑ Brunt, Peter . The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays (Oxford University Press, 1988). pp. 1?92 .
↑ Yavetz, Zvi. "The Popularity of Julius Caesar" in Plebs and Princeps (Transaction, 1988). pp. 38?57; 45 ("Such was Caesar's policy: consolidation based on a body of supporters as heterogenous in class as possible, among them the plebs urbana ").
↑ Mouritsen, Henrik. Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, 2001). pp. 1, 9, et passim .
↑ Baehr, Petter R. Caesar and the Fading of the Roman World: A Study in Republicanism and Caesarism . (Transaction Publishers, 1998).On the paradox of "Caesarism" (i.e. the combination of popular support and tyranny),
↑ "senatus consultum ultimum" (?? eng). {{ cite web }}: ??????? ??????:???? ???????? ( link )

????? [ ?????? ]

Taylor? Lily Ross ( ???? ). Party Politics in the Age of Caesar . California: University of California Press. ?????
Brunt? Peter ( ???? ). The Roman Mob . ?. ?? ???. Past and Present.
Fergus? Millar ( ???? ). The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic . University of Michigan Press. ?????

?????????????? ?????????. ≪ Populares ≫. ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ????.

[1] Ligt, Luuk and Northwood, Simon J. People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14 (2008). Leiden. Brill NV.

[2] Santangelo, Federico (2007). Sulla, the Elites and the Empire a Study of Roman Policies in Italy and the Greek east . Brill Leiden. pp. 18 ?23.

[3] Sheppard, P. (producer). (2010). Rome: Part Two: From the Late Republic to the Fall of the Roman Empire: 121 BC to 476 AD (2010, audio video file). Phil Sheppard Productions. Retrieved from World History in video database.

[4] Sumner, G. V. Cicero, Pompeius, and Rullus (1966). Transactions and proceedings of the American Philological Association. Vol. 97. pp. 573.

[5] Mitchell, T. N. Cicero, Pompey and the Rise of the First Triumvirate (1973). Traditio. Vol. 29. pp. 2?8.

[6] Pelling, Christopher . "Plutarch and Roman Politics" in Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing. Papers Presented at a Conference in Leeds, 6?8 April 1983 (Cambridge University Press, 1986). pp. 159?16, 165?169 .

[7] Plutarch ( Parallel Lives, the Life of Caesar ) is very concerned to explain Julius Caesar 's rise to tyranny. From the beginning, Caesar is the champion and the favorite of the Roman demos . When they support him, he rises, but when he loses their favor he falls too.

[8] Cassius Dio (36.43.3) noted that Julius Caesar "courted the good-will of the multitude, observing how much stronger they were than the senate".

[9] Millar, Fergus . The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (University of Michigan Press, 2002). pp. 75?76 et passim .

[10] Taylor, Lily Ross . Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (University of California Press, 1949). p. 93 et passim .

[11] Brunt, Peter . The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays (Oxford University Press, 1988). pp. 1?92 .

[12] Yavetz, Zvi. "The Popularity of Julius Caesar" in Plebs and Princeps (Transaction, 1988). pp. 38?57; 45 ("Such was Caesar's policy: consolidation based on a body of supporters as heterogenous in class as possible, among them the plebs urbana ").

[13] Mouritsen, Henrik. Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, 2001). pp. 1, 9, et passim .

[14] Baehr, Petter R. Caesar and the Fading of the Roman World: A Study in Republicanism and Caesarism . (Transaction Publishers, 1998).On the paradox of "Caesarism" (i.e. the combination of popular support and tyranny),

[15] "senatus consultum ultimum" (?? eng). {{ cite web }}: ??????? ??????:???? ???????? ( link )

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