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????????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? [?] ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????.

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?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??. ????????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? NPL ???? ???? ??????????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????. [?]

?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? IMP ?? ????? ??????. [?] ?????? ????? ???? ???? ARPANET ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??. ???? NCP ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ARPANET ???? ???. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???. [?]

??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??. ??? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? (TCP) ??. [?] ?????? RFC   675 ?? ???? Cerf ?? Yogen Dalal ? Carl Sunshine ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???.

???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? CCIT ????? ?? ??? ???? ITU ?? ARPANET ??????? ???. [?] ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? Remi Despres? ?? ????? ????????? X.25 ? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ITU-T ?? ????? ??? ???. [?] [?] ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ? (IBM(SNA? ???? ??????? ??????? DECent ? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.

?????? TCP ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??. ?? ??? ?? ?? IP / TCP ???? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? SATNET ? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ARPANET ??? ??. ???????? ?? ?? RFC   1122 ? RFC   1123 ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? TCP / IP ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. [?]

??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? OSI ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??. ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? OSI ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????. [??] [??]

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???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????. ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? (?????? ?????? ????????) ????? ??????. ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ? ????????? ???? ???? ??? . ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????. [??] [??]

????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????. [??] [??] ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????.

???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????. [??] ???? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???. ?????????? ????????? ??? TCP / IP ? ??? OSI ????? .

?? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????. [??] ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. [??]

???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. [??] ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? TCP / IP , IPX / SPX? X.25 ? AX.25 ? AppleTalk ?????.

????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? . ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ????: ?????????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????. [??] ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????. [??]

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??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???. ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???.

??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????: [??]

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???????? ???? ???????? ?? ? ??? ???????. ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? header ? payload ????? ?????? . ???? ????? ?? payload ??? ??????. ???? header ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? (MTU) ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????. [??]
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??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??????(??) ??????? ???????. ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? (???? ???????? ???? ??????) ???? ??????? ??? . ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???. ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? . [??]
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???? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? IP ?? ?? ???? MAC ?????. ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? . [??]
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???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????(??) ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ?? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? .
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??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???. ?? ?? ?????? ?????? CRC ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???. ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? CRC ?? ?????? ? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. [??]
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??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????. [???] ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????. [??]
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??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. [??]
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??? bit bit??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????. [??]
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????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?? (?? "????")? ??????? ?????? FIFO? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.

????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ ????????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ≪???????≫ ?? ????? ≪??????≫ ?????????. ?? ????: ≪?????????? ??????≫ ????? ≪access protocols≫ ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ≪??????? ???????≫ ????? ≪access protocols≫ ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????
  2. ↑ Cambell-Kelly, Martin (1987). "Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)" . Annals of the History of Computing (?? ???????). 9 (3/4): 221?247. doi : 10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023 .
  3. ↑ Interface Message Processor: Specifications for the Interconnection of a Host and an IMP , Report No. 1822, Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN)
  4. ↑ "NCP ? Network Control Program" ??????????? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine , Living Internet
  5. ↑ Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" (PDF) . IEEE Transactions on Communications . 22 (5): 637?648. doi : 10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259 . ISSN   1558-0857 . The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
  6. ↑ McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . 33 (1): 66?71. doi : 10.1109/MAHC.2011.9 . ISSN   1934-1547 .
  7. ↑ Schwartz, Mischa (2010). "X.25 Virtual Circuits - TRANSPAC IN France - Pre-Internet Data Networking [History of communications]". IEEE Communications Magazine . 48 (11): 40?46. doi : 10.1109/MCOM.2010.5621965 . ISSN   1558-1896 .
  8. ↑ Rybczynski, Tony (2009). "Commercialization of packet switching (1975-1985): A Canadian perspective [History of Communications]". IEEE Communications Magazine . 47 (12): 26?31. doi : 10.1109/MCOM.2009.5350364 . ISSN   1558-1896 .
  9. ↑ "TCP/IP Internet Protocol" ??????????? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? Archive-It , Living Internet
  10. ↑ Russell, Andrew L. "Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War" (PDF) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.
  11. ↑ "Standards Wars" (PDF) . 2006. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )
  12. ↑ Comer 2000, Sect. 11.2 - The Need For Multiple Protocols, p. 177, "They (protocols) are to communication what programming languages are to computation"
  13. ↑ Comer 2000, Sect. 1.3 - Internet Services, p. 3, "Protocols are to communication what algorithms are to computation"
  14. ↑ Ben-Ari 1982, chapter 2 - The concurrent programming abstraction, p. 18-19, states the same.
  15. ↑ Ben-Ari 1982, Section 2.7 - Summary, p. 27, summarizes the concurrent programming abstraction.
  16. ↑ Marsden 1986, Section 6.1 - Why are standards necessary?, p. 64-65, uses BSC as an example to show the need for both standard protocols and a standard framework.
  17. ↑ Comer 2000, Sect. 11.2 - The Need For Multiple Protocols, p. 177, explains this by drawing analogies between computer communication and programming languages.
  18. ↑ Sect. 11.10 - The Disadvantage Of Layering, p. 192, states: layering forms the basis for protocol design.
  19. ↑ Comer 2000, Sect. 11.2 - The Need For Multiple Protocols, p. 177, states the same.
  20. ↑ Comer 2000, Sect. 11.3 - The Conceptual Layers Of Protocol Software, p. 178, "Each layer takes responsibility for handling one part of the problem."
  21. ↑ Comer 2000, Sect. 11.11 - The Basic Idea Behind Multiplexing And Demultiplexing, p. 192, states the same.
  22. ↑ Marsden 1986, Chapter 3 - Fundamental protocol concepts and problem areas, p. 26-42, explains much of the following.
  23. ↑ Comer 2000, Sect. 7.7.4 - Datagram Size, Network MTU, and Fragmentation, p. 104, Explains fragmentation and the effect on the header of the fragments.
  24. ↑ Comer 2000, Chapter 4 - Classful Internet Addresses, p. 64-67;71.
  25. ↑ Marsden 1986, Section 14.3 - Layering concepts and general definitions, p. 187, explains address mapping.
  26. ↑ Marsden 1986, Section 3.2 - Detection and transmission errors, p. 27, explains the advantages of backward error correction.
  27. ↑ Marsden 1986, Section 3.3 - Acknowledgement, p. 28-33, explains the advantages of positive only acknowledgment and mentions datagram protocols as exceptions.
  28. ↑ Marsden 1986, Section 3.4 - Loss of information - timeouts and retries, p. 33-34.
  29. ↑ Marsden 1986, Section 3.5 - Direction of information flow, p. 34-35, explains master/slave and the negotiations to gain control.
  30. ↑ Marsden 1986, Section 3.6 - Sequence control, p. 35-36, explains how packets get lost and how sequencing solves this.
  31. ↑ Marsden 1986, Section 3.7 - Flow control, p. 36-38.


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