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??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???????? (?? ????) ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? (?? ?? ????) ??????? ????? ??. ^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?] ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? (??? ? ???? ???) ????? ????? ??????.

??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ? ??? (????? ?????) ????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ^[?]^[?]

?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????.

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↑ "Guericke, Otto von" . Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Ed . Vol. 12. Cambridge Univ. Press. 1910. p. 670.
↑ Hablanian, M. H.; Hemeon, C. H. (2003). "Comments about Magdeburg hemispheres reenactment" . 50 years of the AVS . American Vacuum Society. Archived from the original on 2008-08-03.
↑ Nave, C.R. (2000). "Original Magdeburg Hemispheres" . Hyperphysics . Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State Univ.
↑ "Magdeburg hemispheres" . Multimedia Catalogue . Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Italy. 2006.
↑ Hall, Edwin H.; Bergen, Joseph Y. (1903). A Textbook of Physics, 3rd Ed . New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 52.
↑ Nave, Carl R. (2012). "Magdeburg Hemispheres" . Hyperphysics . Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State Univ . Retrieved November 12, 2012 .
↑ Calculated using a diameter of 0.5 m with atmospheric pressure ; force is given by $P ? * π * r ²$ , where P ?=air pressure and r =cross-sectional radius of the hemisphere. Due to the inefficiencies of the vacuum pump, the artificial vacuum was likely much weaker.

?????????????? ?????????? ≪Magdeburg hemispheres≫? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????.

[1] "Guericke, Otto von" . Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Ed . Vol. 12. Cambridge Univ. Press. 1910. p. 670.

[2] Hablanian, M. H.; Hemeon, C. H. (2003). "Comments about Magdeburg hemispheres reenactment" . 50 years of the AVS . American Vacuum Society. Archived from the original on 2008-08-03.

[3] Nave, C.R. (2000). "Original Magdeburg Hemispheres" . Hyperphysics . Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State Univ.

[4] "Magdeburg hemispheres" . Multimedia Catalogue . Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Italy. 2006.

[5] Hall, Edwin H.; Bergen, Joseph Y. (1903). A Textbook of Physics, 3rd Ed . New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 52.

[Hyperphysics-6] Nave, Carl R. (2012). "Magdeburg Hemispheres" . Hyperphysics . Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State Univ . Retrieved November 12, 2012 .

[7] Calculated using a diameter of 0.5 m with atmospheric pressure ; force is given by $P ? * π * r ²$ , where P ?=air pressure and r =cross-sectional radius of the hemisphere. Due to the inefficiencies of the vacuum pump, the artificial vacuum was likely much weaker.

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