?????????? ??

?????????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????? ( ??????? : Web mapping ) ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? (GIS) ?? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? (WWW) ????? ??????. ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ^[?] ?? GIS ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? . ^[?]

???????? ?? GIS ? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. Web GIS ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????. ^[?] ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ???.[?] ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ^[?]^[?]

???? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ? ?? ????????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ????.

??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? OpenStreetMap ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? HERE, Huawei, Google, Tencent, TomTom ? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? (ArcGIS) ????? ? ?????????? ???????. ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

↑ Parker, C.J. , May, A. and Mitchell, V. (2013), “ The role of VGI and PGI in supporting outdoor activities ”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 44 No. 6, pp. 886?94.
↑ Kraak, Menno Jan (2001): Settings and needs for web cartography , in: Kraak and Allan Brown (eds), Web Cartography, Francis and Taylor, New York, p. 3?4. see also webpage [?] ??????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine . Accessed 2007-01-04.
↑ Parker, C.J. , May, A. , Mitchell, V. and Burrows, A. (2013), “ Capturing Volunteered Information for Inclusive Service Design: Potential Benefits and Challenges ”, The Design Journal, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 197?218.
↑ Brown, M.; Sharples, Sarah; Harding, Jenny; Parker, Christopher J.; Bearman, N.; Maguire, M.; Forrest, D.; Haklay, M.; Jackson, M. (2013). "Usability of Geographic Information: Current challenges and future directions" (PDF) . Applied Ergonomics . 44 (6): 855?865. doi : 10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.013 . PMID 23177775 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2018 . Retrieved 23 September 2022 .
↑ Parker, Christopher J. (2014). "User-centred design of neogeography: the impact of volunteered geographic information on users' perceptions of online map 'mashups' " . Ergonomics . 57 (7): 987?997. doi : 10.1080/00140139.2014.909950 . PMID 24827070 . S2CID 13458260 .

?????????????? ?????????. ≪ Web mapping ≫. ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????? ????.

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

Sites

UMN MapServer documentation and tutorials
Webmapping with SVG, Postgis and UMN MapServer tutorials ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? Wayback Machine
International Cartographic Association (ICA) , the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals
Comparison of Online Mapping Tools , Duke University

??? ?? ?????? ??? ???. ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????.

[1] Parker, C.J. , May, A. and Mitchell, V. (2013), “ The role of VGI and PGI in supporting outdoor activities ”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 44 No. 6, pp. 886?94.

[KraakSettingsAndNeeds-2] Kraak, Menno Jan (2001): Settings and needs for web cartography , in: Kraak and Allan Brown (eds), Web Cartography, Francis and Taylor, New York, p. 3?4. see also webpage [?] ??????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine . Accessed 2007-01-04.

[3] Parker, C.J. , May, A. , Mitchell, V. and Burrows, A. (2013), “ Capturing Volunteered Information for Inclusive Service Design: Potential Benefits and Challenges ”, The Design Journal, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 197?218.

[4] Brown, M.; Sharples, Sarah; Harding, Jenny; Parker, Christopher J.; Bearman, N.; Maguire, M.; Forrest, D.; Haklay, M.; Jackson, M. (2013). "Usability of Geographic Information: Current challenges and future directions" (PDF) . Applied Ergonomics . 44 (6): 855?865. doi : 10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.013 . PMID 23177775 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2018 . Retrieved 23 September 2022 .

[5] Parker, Christopher J. (2014). "User-centred design of neogeography: the impact of volunteered geographic information on users' perceptions of online map 'mashups' " . Ergonomics . 57 (7): 987?997. doi : 10.1080/00140139.2014.909950 . PMID 24827070 . S2CID 13458260 .

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