???????? ????????????

?? ?????????? ????????? ????
(????????? ?? ????????? ???????? )
???????? ????????????
?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? (A) Cytoplasmic section after immunogold labelling with anti-DNA; gold particles marking mtDNA are found near the mitochondrial membrane. (B) Whole mount view of cytoplasm after extraction with CSK buffer and immunogold labelling with anti-DNA; mtDNA (marked by gold particles) resists extraction. From Iborra et al. , 2004. [?]

???????? ???????????? ( mtDNA ) ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? (??????) ???????? ????????? ???? ??????. ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????.

??????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? (concatamer) ????????. [?]

??????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? (Endosymbiotic theory) ????? ???. ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???. [?]

?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????.

????? ???????????? [ ?????? ]

?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ???? (?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????)? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???????.

????? ???? [ ?????? ]

?? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? (parental) ???? ????????? (Ubiquitin) ??????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???. [?]

???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? (?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? Y ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????). ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? (HVR1 ?? HVR2) ?? ????? (hypervariable)? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????.HVR1 ?? ???? ??? ??????? (Base pair) ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? (????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????) ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. vila et al ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????????. [?] ????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???.

?? ????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???. ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???. ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???.

????? ?? [ ?????? ]

?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. [?] [?] ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? [?] ????? ??? [?] ? ???? ?????????? [??] ??? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???. ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???? ?? ??? ???????. [??] [??] ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? [??] ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? [??] ? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????. [??]

?????? [ ?????? ]

?? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??? (???? ??? ? ????? ?????? ?????). ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???. ? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ( ??????????? )? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ???? ? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? (?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????). ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????? (??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????????) ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????. [??]

????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

???? ???????????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????.

??????? ?????
NADH dehydrogenase
(complex I) 		MT-ND1 , MT-ND2 , MT-ND3 , MT-ND4 , MT-ND4L , MT-ND5 , MT-ND6
Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase / Cytochrome b
(complex III) 		MT-CYB
???????? ???????
(complex IV) 		MT-CO1 , MT-CO2 , MT-CO3
???????? ????? MT-ATP6 , MT-ATP8

??????? ???????? (rRNA) [ ?????? ]

??????? ???????? ???????????? ???? MT-RNR1 (12s) ? MT-RNR2 (16s) ?? ??????.

??????? ???? (tRNA) [ ?????? ]

?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????:

???? ????? 3-Letter 1-Letter MT DNA
?????? Ala A MT-TA
??????? Arg R MT-TR
????????? Asn N MT-TN
???? ???????? Asp D MT-TD
??????? Cys C MT-TC
???????? ???? Glu E MT-TE
???????? Gln Q MT-TQ
??????? Gly G MT-TG
???????? His H MT-TH
????????? Ile I MT-TI
????? Leu L MT-TL1 , MT-TL2
????? Lys K MT-TK
??????? Met M MT-TM
??????????? Phe F MT-TF
?????? Pro P MT-TP
???? Ser S MT-TS1 , MT-TS2
??????? Thr T MT-TT
????????? Trp W MT-TW
??????? Tyr Y MT-TY
????? Val V MT-TV

??? [ ?????? ]

??? mtDNA ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????

?????????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

??? ?? mtDNA ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? exercise intolerance ? ?????? ????-???? (kss) ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????. [??]

?????? ?? ??????? [ ?????? ]

?? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? (??????? ???) ?? ???? ?????? [??] ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???. ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? [??] ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???. [??] ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ? ????? ???? (????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?…) ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????. [??] ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??. [??] ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. [??]

????? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? (?? ???????) ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????.

??????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??.??. ??? ? ?????? ??. ?? ??? ? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? [??] ? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????. [??]

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ Iborra, Francisco J.; Kimura, Hiroshi; Cook, Peter R. (24 ?? 2004). "The functional organization of mitochondrial genomes in human cells" . BMC Biology . 2 (1): 9. doi : 10.1186/1741-7007-2-9 . ISSN   1741-7007 .
  2. ↑ ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????/ ???? ??????????
  3. ↑ Wiesner, R. J.; Ruegg, J. C.; Morano, I. (16 ???? 1992). "Counting target molecules by exponential polymerase chain reaction: copy number of mitochondrial DNA in rat tissues" . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 183 (2): 553?559. doi : 10.1016/0006-291x(92)90517-o . ISSN   0006-291X . PMID   1550563 .
  4. ↑ Sutovsky, P.; Moreno, R. D.; Ramalho-Santos, J.; Dominko, T.; Simerly, C.; Schatten, G. (25 ?????? 1999). "Ubiquitin tag for sperm mitochondria" . Nature . 402 (6760): 371?372. doi : 10.1038/46466 . ISSN   0028-0836 . PMID   10586873 .
  5. ↑ Vila, C.; Savolainen, P.; Maldonado, J. E.; Amorim, I. R.; Rice, J. E.; Honeycutt, R. L.; Crandall, K. A.; Lundeberg, J.; Wayne, R. K. (13 ???? 1997). "Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog" . Science (New York, N.Y.) . 276 (5319): 1687?1689. doi : 10.1126/science.276.5319.1687 . ISSN   0036-8075 . PMID   9180076 .
  6. ↑ Hoeh, W. R.; Blakley, K. H.; Brown, W. M. (22 ???? 1991). "Heteroplasmy suggests limited biparental inheritance of Mytilus mitochondrial DNA" . Science (New York, N.Y.) . 251 (5000): 1488?1490. doi : 10.1126/science.1672472 . ISSN   0036-8075 . PMID   1672472 .
  7. ↑ Penman, Danny. ≪Mitochondria can be inherited from both parents≫ . New Scientist (?? ???????) . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  8. ↑ Kondo, R.; Matsuura, E. T.; Chigusa, S. I. (Summer 1992). "Further observation of paternal transmission of Drosophila mitochondrial DNA by PCR selective amplification method" . Genetical Research . 59 (2): 81?84. doi : 10.1017/s0016672300030287 . PMID   1628820 .
  9. ↑ Meusel MS, Moritz RF (1993). ≪Transfer of paternal mitochondrial DNA during fertilization of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) eggs". Curr. Genet. 24 (6): 539?43. doi:10.1007/BF00351719. PMID 8299176 .
  10. ↑ Fontaine, KM, Cooley, JR, Simon, C (2007). ≪Evidence for paternal leakage in hybrid periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Magicicada spp.)". PLoS One. 9 (9): e892. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000892. PMC 1963320. PMID 17849021 .
  11. ↑ Gyllensten, U.; Wharton, D.; Josefsson, A.; Wilson, A. C. (18 ????? 1991). "Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in mice" . Nature . 352 (6332): 255?257. doi : 10.1038/352255a0 . ISSN   0028-0836 . PMID   1857422 .
  12. ↑ Shitara, H.; Hayashi, J. I.; Takahama, S.; Kaneda, H.; Yonekawa, H. (Spring 1998). "Maternal inheritance of mouse mtDNA in interspecific hybrids: segregation of the leaked paternal mtDNA followed by the prevention of subsequent paternal leakage" . Genetics . 148 (2): 851?857. doi : 10.1093/genetics/148.2.851 . ISSN   0016-6731 . PMC   1459812 . PMID   9504930 .
  13. ↑ Zhao, X.; Li, N.; Guo, W.; Hu, X.; Liu, Z.; Gong, G.; Wang, A.; Feng, J.; Wu, C. (Winter 2004). "Further evidence for paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in the sheep (Ovis aries)" . Heredity . 93 (4): 399?403. doi : 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800516 . ISSN   0018-067X . PMID   15266295 .
  14. ↑ Steinborn R, Zakhartchenko V, Jelyazkov J, et al. (1998). ≪Composition of parental mitochondrial DNA in cloned bovine embryos". FEBS Lett. 426 (3): 352?6. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00350-0. PMID 9600265 .
  15. ↑ Schwartz M, Vissing J (2002). ≪Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA". N. Engl. J. Med. 347 (8): 576?80. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020350. PMID 12192017 .
  16. ↑ Ward BL, Anderson RS, Bendich AJ (September 1981). ≪The mitochondrial genome is large and variable in a family of plants (cucurbitaceae)". Cell 25 (3): 793?803. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90187-2. PMID 6269758 . Retrieved 2010-08-09.
  17. ↑ Alexeyev, Mikhail F. ; LeDoux, Susan P. ; Wilson, Glenn L. (July 2004). ≪Mitochondrial DNA and aging". Clinical Science 107 (4): 355?364. doi:10.1042/CS20040148. PMID 15279618 .
  18. ↑ Reguly B, Jakupciak JP, Parr RL. 3.4 kb mitochondrial genome deletion serves as a surrogate predictive biomarker for prostate cancer in histopathologically benign biopsy cores. Can Urol Assoc J. 2010 Oct;4(5):E118-22. PMID PMID 20944788 ; PMID Central. PMID 2950771 .
  19. ↑ Robinson K, Creed J, Reguly B, Powell C, Wittock R, Klein D, Maggrah A, Klotz L, Parr RL, Dakubo GD. Accurate prediction of repeat prostate biopsy outcomes by a mitochondrial DNA deletion assay. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2010 Jun;13(2):126-31. Epub 2010 Jan 19. PMID. PMID 20084081 .
  20. ↑ ≪???? ????? ???≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ???? ???? .
  21. ↑ Brown WM, George M Jr. , Wilson AC (1979). ≪Rapid evolution of mitochondrial DNA". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76 (4): 1967?1971. doi:10.1073/pnas.76.4.1967. PMC 383514. PMID 109836 .
  22. ↑ Brown WM (1980). ≪Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of humans as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77 (6): 3605?3609. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.6.3605. PMC 349666. PMID 6251473 .
  23. ↑ Paleo-DNA Laboratory - Forensic Services
  24. ↑ Gill P, Ivanov PL, Kimpton C, et al. (February 1994). ≪Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis". Nat. Genet. 6 (2): 130?5. doi:10.1038/ng0294-130. PMID 8162066 .
  25. ↑ The details of the tests were published at Gil et al. , 'Identification of the Remains' The Duke of Fife was officially named as the source of the comparison sample of mtDNA in Ivanov, 'Mitochondrial DNA', p. 419.
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