??????? ????

??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? (?? ??????? : Game studies ) ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????-??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ? ?????????? ? ??????????? ? ????? ? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ????????.

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?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ? ??????????? ???. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ???? ???? ? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ^[?] ?? ?????? Johan Huizinga ? Rager Caillois ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ^[?] ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????????. ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???: ^[?]

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????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????. ?????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ????. ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? Tracy Fullerton ? Kenji Ito ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???. ^[?]^[?] ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ^[?]

?????? ???? ??????? [ ?????? ]

?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? “??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ” ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????. ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??? (?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???). ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? (feshbach and singer? ????) ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???.

?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????. (malone ????? ????) ????? ? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??: ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ? ??????? ???? ????????. ??????? squire ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. Gee ? Shaffer ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????. Sherry turk ?? ????? ?? ????? ≪????? ?? ??? ???? ?????≫ ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? MUDs ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. Taylor ?? ????? ?? ????? ≪????? ?? ???? ??????≫ ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? Everquest ? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ^[?]

??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. (castronova ????) ????????? ?????? ????? ≪?? ????? ????≫ ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????.

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?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? “?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? “. ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????. ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ?? ?? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ≪ ???? ≫ ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ? ??? ??????.

??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???. ?? ???? Brenda Laurel ?? ??? ≪????????? ?? ????? ?????≫ ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???. ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???. ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???. Laurel ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ≪?????? ????? ???? ????????≫ ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ??????. ??????? Janet Marry ?? ???? “Hamlet on the Holodeck” ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.

?? ????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? Marry ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??????. Espen Aarseth ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ≪??? ????????≫ ?? ?????? ?? ???? Murray ????????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? Ludology ?? ???? Narratology ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???. ?? ????? ?????? Ludological?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ^[?] ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ^[?]^[??] ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? “Half Reel” ?? Jesper Jul: ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????. ” ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????. ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? Bogost? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? ????.

?????? ????? ? ??? [ ?????? ]

?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???. ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? Facade ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??. ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ≪????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????≫ ? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? “?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? “. ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???. ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ? ?? ????? ?????

?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ Culin, S. (1907). Games of the North American Indians . Twenty fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1902-1903. Government Printing Office: 1-840.
↑ Huizinga, Johan (1938). Homo Ludens . Haarlem: Tjeenk Willink & zoon N.V.
↑ Konzack, Lars (2007). "Rhetorics of Computer and Video Game Research" in Williams & Smith (ed.) The Players' Realm: Studies on the Culture of Video Games and gaming. McFarland.
↑ Fullerton, Tracy (2005). "The Play's the Thing: Practicing Play as Community Foundation and Design Technique" (PDF) . Changing Views: Worlds in Play, Selected Papers from the 2005 DiGRA Conference . Vancouver, Canada: DiGRA.
↑ Ito, Kenji (2005). "Possibilities of Non-Commercial Games: The Case of Amateur Role Playing Games Designers in Japan" (PDF) . Changing Views: Worlds in Play, Selected Papers from the 2005 DiGRA Conference . Vancouver, Canada: DiGRA. pp. 135?145.
↑ Williams, D (2005). "Bridging the methodological divide in game research" . Simulation & Gaming . 36 (4): 447?463. doi : 10.1177/1046878105282275 .
↑ Taylor, T. L. (2006). Play Between Worlds . Cambridge: MIT Press.
↑ Aarseth, Espen (2001). "Computer Game Studies, Year One". Game Studies 1 (1). http://gamestudies.org/0101/editorial.html
↑ Konzack, Lars (2002). Computer Game Criticism: A Method for Computer Game analysis. In Mayra (ed.) CGDC Conference Proceedings. Tampere University Press. p. 89-100.
↑ Costikyan, greg (2002). I Have No Words & I Must Design: Toward a Critical Vocabulary for Games. In Mayra (ed.) CGDC Conference Proceedings. Tampere University Press. p. 9-34.

????? [ ?????? ]

Aarseth, Espen J. (1997). Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature . Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5579-9 0-8018-5579-9 . {{ cite book }}: Check |isbn= value: length ( help )
Balkin, Jack M. (2006). The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds . New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9971-0 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
Bogost, Ian (2006). Unit Operations: an Approach to Videogame Criticism . MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-02599-7 .
Bolter, Jay David (2000). Remediation: Understanding New Media . MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-52279-3 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
Rutter, Jason (2006). Understanding Digital Games . Sage. ISBN 1-4129-0033-6 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) (Table of contents and contributing authors) , (Introduction to collection) ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine
Galloway, Alexander R. (2006). Gaming:Essays on Algorithmic Culture . University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4850-4 .
Grau, Oliver (2004). Virtual Art . MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-57223-1 .
Grau, Oliver (ed.) (2007). MediaArtHistories . MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-07279-3 . {{ cite book }}: |first= has generic name ( help )
Hanson, Matt (2004). The End of Celluloid : Film futures in the digital age . Rotovision,. ISBN 2-88046-783-7 . {{ cite book }}: ??????? CS1: ?????????? ????? ( link )
Harrigan, Pat and (2007). Second Person: Role-Playing and Story in Games and Playable Media . MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-08356-0 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
Juul, Jesper (2001). "Games Telling Stories: A brief note on games & Narratives" . Games Studies . 1 (1). {{ cite journal }}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
Juul, Jesper (2006). Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds . MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-10110-3 .
King, Brad (2003). Dungeons and Dreamers: The Rise of Computer Game Culture from Geek to Chic . McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-222888-1 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
Malone, T. W. , & Lepper, M. R. (1987). Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivation for learning. In R. E. Snow & M. J. Farr (Eds.), Aptitude learning and instruction III: Conactive and affective process analyses. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Manovich, Lev (2001). The Language of New Media . MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-63255-3 .
Mayra, Frans (2008). An Introduction to Game Studies: Games in Culture . Sage Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-3445-9 .
McAllister, Ken S. (2004). Gamework: Language, Power, and Computer Game Culture . University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-5420-4 .
Newman, James (2004). Videogames . ????? . ISBN 0-415-28192-X .
Ruggill, Judd Ethan and Ken S. McAllister (2011). Gaming Matters: Art, Science, Magic, and the Computer Game Medium . University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-1737-6 .
Ryan, Marie-Laure (2001). Narrative as Virtual Reality . Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6487-9 .
Salen, Katie (2003). Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals . MIT Press . ISBN 0-262-24045-9 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
Salen, Katie (2005). The Game Design Reader: A Rules of Play Anthology . MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-19536-2 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
Sisler, Vit (2008). "Digital Arabs: Representation in Video Games" . European Journal of Cultural Studies . 11 (2). Archived from the original on 23 ????? 2008 . Retrieved 24 ????? 2011 . {{ cite journal }}: Check date values in: |access-date= ? |archive-date= ( help )
Wardrip-Fruin, Noah (2004). First Person: New Media as Story, Performance, and Game . MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-73175-1 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
Wolf, Mark J.P. (2003). The Video Game Theory Reader . Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96579-9 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
Wolf, Mark J.P. (2001). The Medium of the Video Game . University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-79150-X .

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

DiGRA' digital library of game studies conference papers
The Game Studies Network - A project of the University of Wyoming Game Studies Lab
Gameology.org: commentary and resources for the game studies community
Game Research: The art, business, and science of video games
Jesper Juul's blog: The Ludologist
Frans Mayra's blog
Gonzalo Frasca's Ludology blog
Confessions of an Aca-Fan: The Official Weblog of Henry Jenkins
Digiplay Games Research Bibliography Bibliography containing over 2800 references to papers, books, theses and conference papers on computer, video and digital games research.
Notes on referencing games in scholarly publications

????????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???? [ ?????? ]

?????????? [ ?????? ]

[1] Culin, S. (1907). Games of the North American Indians . Twenty fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1902-1903. Government Printing Office: 1-840.

[2] Huizinga, Johan (1938). Homo Ludens . Haarlem: Tjeenk Willink & zoon N.V.

[3] Konzack, Lars (2007). "Rhetorics of Computer and Video Game Research" in Williams & Smith (ed.) The Players' Realm: Studies on the Culture of Video Games and gaming. McFarland.

[4] Fullerton, Tracy (2005). "The Play's the Thing: Practicing Play as Community Foundation and Design Technique" (PDF) . Changing Views: Worlds in Play, Selected Papers from the 2005 DiGRA Conference . Vancouver, Canada: DiGRA.

[5] Ito, Kenji (2005). "Possibilities of Non-Commercial Games: The Case of Amateur Role Playing Games Designers in Japan" (PDF) . Changing Views: Worlds in Play, Selected Papers from the 2005 DiGRA Conference . Vancouver, Canada: DiGRA. pp. 135?145.

[6] Williams, D (2005). "Bridging the methodological divide in game research" . Simulation & Gaming . 36 (4): 447?463. doi : 10.1177/1046878105282275 .

[7] Taylor, T. L. (2006). Play Between Worlds . Cambridge: MIT Press.

[8] Aarseth, Espen (2001). "Computer Game Studies, Year One". Game Studies 1 (1). http://gamestudies.org/0101/editorial.html

[9] Konzack, Lars (2002). Computer Game Criticism: A Method for Computer Game analysis. In Mayra (ed.) CGDC Conference Proceedings. Tampere University Press. p. 89-100.

[10] Costikyan, greg (2002). I Have No Words & I Must Design: Toward a Critical Vocabulary for Games. In Mayra (ed.) CGDC Conference Proceedings. Tampere University Press. p. 9-34.

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