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  1. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ( ???? ). ????? ???? ???? ???? . ????? ????? . ????   ???-???-???-???-? .
  2. Bennettitales
  3. ???? ???? ??:
    • Phillips, John (1840). [ [?] ( https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4zr7;view=1up;seq=163 ) "Palæozoic series"]. Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . Vol. 17. London: Charles Knight and Co. pp. 153?54. {{ cite book }} : Check |chapter-url= value ( help ) "As many systems or combinations of organic forms as are clearly traceable in the stratified crust of the globe, so many corresponding terms (as Palæozoic, Mesozoic, Kainozoic, &c.) may be made, … "
    • Wilmarth, Mary Grace (1925). [ [?] ( https://books.google.com/books?id=my7x_PBkpm4C&pg=PA9 ) Bulletin 769: The Geologic Time Classification of the United States Geological Survey Compared With Other Classifications, accompanied by the original definitions of era, period and epoch terms ]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 9. {{ cite book }} : Check |url= value ( help )
  4. ????:Cite OEtymD
  5. Tang, Carol Marie. [ [?] ( https://www.britannica.com/science/Mesozoic-Era ) "Mesozoic Era"]. Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 5 September 2019 . {{ cite web }} : Check |url= value ( help )
  6. Benton M J (2005). "Chapter 8: Life's Biggest Challenge". When life nearly died: the greatest mass extinction of all time . London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN   978-0-500-28573-2 . [ ???? ????? ]
  7. Stanley, Steven M. (3 October 2016). "Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . National Academy of Sciences. 113 (42): E6325?E6334. Bibcode : 2016PNAS..113E6325S . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1613094113 . ISSN   1091-6490 . PMC   5081622 . PMID   27698119 .
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  12. Rubidge. "Middle Triassic" . palaeos.com .
  13. Capriolo, Manfredo; Marzoli, Andrea; Aradi, Laszlo E.; Callegaro, Sara; Corso, Jacopo Dal; Newton, Robert J.; Mills, Benjamin J. W.; Wignall, Paul B.; Bartoli, Omar; Baker, Don R.; Youbi, Nasrrddine; Remusat, Laurent; Spiess, Richard; Szabo, Csaba (7 April 2020). "Deep CO2 in the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province" . Nature Communications . 11 (1): 1670. Bibcode : 2020NatCo..11.1670C . doi : 10.1038/s41467-020-15325-6 . PMC   7138847 . PMID   32265448 . S2CID   215404768 .
  14. Tegner, Christian; Marzoli, Andrea; McDonald, Iain; Youbi, Nasrrddine; Lindstrom, Sofie (26 February 2020). "Platinum-group elements link the end-Triassic mass extinction and the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province" . Scientific Reports . 10 (1): 3482. doi : 10.1038/s41598-020-60483-8 . PMC   7044291 . PMID   32103087 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
  15. ???? ???? Carol Marie Tang (7 February 2024). "Jurassic Era" . britannica.com .
  16. Enchanted Learning. "Middle Jurassic" . Enchanted Learning .
  17. ???? ???? Carl Fred Koch. "Cretaceous" . britannica.com .
  18. (high-browsing groups)
  19. Butler, R. J.; Barrett, P. M.; Kenrick, P.; Penn, M. G. (March 2009). "Diversity patterns amongst herbivorous dinosaurs and plants during the Cretaceous: implications for hypotheses of dinosaur/angiosperm co-evolution" . Journal of Evolutionary Biology . 22 (3): 446?459. doi : 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01680.x . PMID   19210589 . S2CID   26000791 .
  20. cimolodonts
  21. Didelphodon
  22. Deccan traps
  23. Becker, Luann (2002). "Repeated Blows" . Scientific American . 286 (3): 76?83. Bibcode : 2002SciAm.286c..76B . doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican0302-76 . PMID   11857903 .
  24. "Cretaceous" . University of California .
  25. Elizabeth Howell (3 February 2015). "K-T Extinction event" . Universe Today .
  26. Innuitian orogeny
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  28. Stanley, Steven M. Earth System History . New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1999. ???? ‎?????????????
  29. Preto, Nereo; Kustatscher, Evelyn; Wignall, Paul B. (15 April 2010). "Triassic climates ? State of the art and perspectives" . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 290 (1?4): 1?10. Bibcode : 2010PPP...290....1P . doi : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.015 . Retrieved 21 July 2023 .
  30. Leckie, R. Mark; Bralower, Timothy J.; Cashman, Richard (September 2002). "Oceanic anoxic events and plankton evolution: Biotic response to tectonic forcing during the mid-Cretaceous: OCEANIC ANOXIC EVENTS AND PLANKTON EVOLUTION" . Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology . 17 (3): 13?1?13?29. doi : 10.1029/2001PA000623 .
  31. Turgeon, Steven C.; Creaser, Robert A. (17 July 2008). "Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode" . Nature . 454 (7202): 323?326. Bibcode : 2008Natur.454..323T . doi : 10.1038/nature07076 . PMID   18633415 . S2CID   4315155 .
  32. Robert A. Berner, John M. VandenBrooks and Peter D. Ward, 2007, Oxygen and Evolution . Science 27 April 2007 , Vol. 316 no. 5824 pp. 557?58. A graph showing the reconstruction from this paper can be found here , from the webpage Paleoclimate ? The History of Climate Change .
  33. Berner R. A. 2006 GEOCARBSULF: a combined model for Phanerozoic atmospheric O2 and CO2 . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 5653?64. See the dotted line in Fig. 1 of Atmospheric oxygen level and the evolution of insect body size by Jon F. Harrison, Alexander Kaiser and John M. VandenBrooks
  34. Berner, Robert A. , 2009, Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen: New results using the GEOCARBSULF model . Am. J. Sci. 309 no. 7, 603?06. A graph showing the reconstructed levels in this paper can be found on p. 31 of the book Living Dinosaurs by Gareth Dyke and Gary Kaiser.
  35. Berner R. A. , Canfield D. E. 1989 A new model for atmospheric oxygen over phanerozoic time . Am. J. Sci. 289, 333?61. See the solid line in Fig. 1 of Atmospheric oxygen level and the evolution of insect body size by Jon F. Harrison, Alexander Kaiser and John M. VandenBrooks
  36. Berner, R, et al. , 2003, Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen , Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. , V, 31, p. 105?34. See the graph near the bottom of the webpage Phanerozoic Eon ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine
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  38. Bergman N. M. , Lenton T. M. , Watson A. J. 2004 COPSE: a new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanaerozoic time. Am. J. Sci. 304, 397?437. See the dashed line in Fig. 1 of Atmospheric oxygen level and the evolution of insect body size by Jon F. Harrison, Alexander Kaiser and John M. VandenBrooks
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  41. Bennettitales
  42. Blomenkemper, Patrick; Baumer, Robert; Backer, Malte; Abu Hamad, Abdalla; Wang, Jun; Kerp, Hans; Bomfleur, Benjamin (26 March 2021). "Bennettitalean Leaves From the Permian of Equatorial Pangea?The Early Radiation of an Iconic Mesozoic Gymnosperm Group" . Frontiers in Earth Science . 9 : 652699. Bibcode : 2021FrEaS...9..162B . doi : 10.3389/feart.2021.652699 . ISSN   2296-6463 .
  43. C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Fern . Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for Science and the Environment ??????????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine . Washington, DC
  44. Lehrmann, D. J.; Ramezan, J.; Bowring, S.A.; et al. (December 2006). "Timing of recovery from the end-Permian extinction: Geochronologic and biostratigraphic constraints from south China" . Geology . 34 (12): 1053?56. Bibcode : 2006Geo....34.1053L . doi : 10.1130/G22827A.1 .
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