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????????? ( ??????? : Stillbirth ) ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ^[?]. ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????. ^[?] ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????.

?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ? ???????????? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ( ???????????? )? *??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? (????? ???? ? ??????? ? ...) ?? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ? ????? ? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ^[?] ? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ^[?] ????? ????.

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↑ ^??? ^??? Robinson, GE (January 2014). "Pregnancy loss". Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology . 28 (1): 169?78. PMID 24047642 .
↑ "Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries" Retrieved on 2012-2-22
↑ Jason H. Collins, M.D.; Charles L. Collins, M.D.; Candace C. Collins, M.D., Silent Risk: Issues About the Human Umbilical Cord (PDF) , archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009 , retrieved 2009-03-17

??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????.

[Rob2014-1] ??? ^??? Robinson, GE (January 2014). "Pregnancy loss". Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology . 28 (1): 169?78. PMID 24047642 .

[WHO_study-2] "Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries" Retrieved on 2012-2-22

[silentrisk-3] Jason H. Collins, M.D.; Charles L. Collins, M.D.; Candace C. Collins, M.D., Silent Risk: Issues About the Human Umbilical Cord (PDF) , archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009 , retrieved 2009-03-17

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