?? ?????????? ????????? ????
?????????
(
???????
:
Marmot
)
????????? ?????
????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????????
?????????
?????????? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??
???? ???????
???????. ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ????????
????????
?????.
[?]
?????
????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ? ???? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????.
[?]
[?]
??? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? (????? ????) ??? (?? ?? ?? ????????? ??) ? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???? (?? ???????? ???????) ? ? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??????.
[?]
[?]
??????????
????????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ??????? ??
??????? ???
????? ?? ???? ????? ??????
???????
? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????.
????????? ??????? ??
???????? ????????
??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ????.
??? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?????
??????
?
??????
?
????????
?
??????
?
???????
?
?????
????? ???????.
?????????? ? ???????
?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????
??????????
?? ???? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????
[?]
????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????
M. kastschenkoi
???? ???.
[?]
??? ??????? ?? ??
???????
????? ???????.
????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
?????????
?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????:
- †
Marmota arizonae
(?????? ???????)? ???????? ?????? ?????
[?]
[?]
- †
Marmota minor
? ?????? ?????? ?????
[??]
- Marmota robusta
? ???=
M. himalayana
- †
Marmota vetus
? ???????? ?????? ?????
[??]
??????? ? ??????????
??????? ?? ?? ???? ???
? ???
?????? ???????
? ????
????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????
???? ????
? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ≪
?????? ?????? ???
≫ ?? ????
??????
? ????
????? ??????
?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????
?????? ????? ???????
???????.
[??]
?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????.
?????
- ↑
Kry?tufek, B. ; B. Vohralik (2013). "Taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia). Part 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias". Lynx, N. S. (Praha). 44: 27?138.
- ↑
Armitage, KB; Wolff, JO; Sherman, PW (2007). Evolution of sociality in marmots: it begins with hibernation. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 356?367.
- ↑
Cardini, A; O'Higgins, Paul (2004). "Patterns of morphological evolution in Marmota (Rodentia, Sciuridae): geometric morphometrics of the cranium in the context of marmot phylogeny, ecology, and conservation". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 82 (3): 385?407. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00367.x. S2CID 83837961.
- ↑
Armitage, KB; Downhower, JF; Svendsen, GE (1976). "Seasonal changes in weights of marmots". American Midland Naturalist. 96 (1): 36?51. doi:10.2307/2424566. JSTOR 2424566.
- ↑
Barash, David P. (1989). Marmots: Social Behavior and Ecology. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
ISBN 978-0-8047-1534-8
.
- ↑
Thorington, R. W., Jr., and R. S. Hoffman. (2005). "Family Sciuridae".
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
, pp. 754?818. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
- ↑
???
???
Brandler, OV (2003). "On species status of the forest-steppe marmot
Marmota kastschenkoi
(
Rodent
ia, Marmotinae)".
Zoologi?eskij ?urnal
(?? ????).
82
(12): 1498?1505.
- ↑
GBIF Secretariat.
"
Marmota arizonae
GBIF Backbone Taxonomy"
. Retrieved
30 April
2017
.
- ↑
"Marmota arizonae Hay"
.
- ↑
Paleobiology Database.
"
Marmota minor
"
. Retrieved
30 April
2017
.
- ↑
GBIF Secretariat.
"
Marmota vetus
GBIF Backbone Taxonomy"
. Retrieved
30 April
2017
.
- ↑
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D16%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D15#note-link1
????? ?? ?????
