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??? ? (?? ??????? : Activated sludge ) ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????.

?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ? ??????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????. [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?]

?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? (MBBR)? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? [??] [??] [??] [??] . ???????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? [??] . ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? [??] [??] . ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? [??] .

?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????. ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? [??] .

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  1. ↑ Lindsay, Cotton M. and Bernard Feigenbaum (1984) 'Rationing by waiting lists' , American Economic Review 74(3): 404-17.
  2. ↑ Diego Varela and Anca Timofte (2011), 'The social cost of hospital waiting lists and the case for copayment: Evidence from Galicia' ??????????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine , The USV Annals of Economics and Public Administration 11(1): 18-26.
  3. ↑ Cole JA, et al. Drug copayment and adherence in chronic heart failure: effect on cost and outcomes. ??????????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:1157-64.
  4. ↑ Harvey Rubin, Dictionary of Insurance Terms, 4th Ed. Baron's Educational Series, 2000
  5. ↑ , Arthur D. Postal, " CFA Attacks Insurers For ‘Overcharging’", National Underwriter, Jan 8, 2007
  6. ↑ "Loss Ratio definition" . Retrieved 2010-03-23 .
  7. ↑ James C. Robinson, "Use And Abuse Of The Medical Loss Ratio To Measure Health Plan Performance", Health Affairs, vol 16, No. 4, pp 176 - 187, 1997
  8. ↑ Knobbe, Lauren (22 July 2010). "Franken warns against weakening law on health-care spending" . Minn Post . Retrieved 22 June 2013 .
  9. ↑ Long-Term-Care Premiums Soar ? WSJ
  10. ↑ Tang, Kai; Rosborg, Peter; Rasmussen, Emma S; Hambly, Adam; Madsen, Michael; Jensen, Niels M; Hansen, Aviaja A; Sund, Christina; Andersen, Heidi G (2021-02-05). "Impact of intermittent feeding on polishing of micropollutants by moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR)" . Journal of Hazardous Materials (?? ???????). 403 : 123536. doi : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123536 . ISSN   0304-3894 .
  11. ↑ ???? ???? Casas, Monica Escola; Chhetri, Ravi Kumar; Ooi, Gordon; Hansen, Kamilla M. S.; Litty, Klaus; Christensson, Magnus; Kragelund, Caroline; Andersen, Henrik R.; Bester, Kai (2015-10-15). "Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater by staged Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR)" . Water Research (?? ???????). 83 : 293?302. doi : 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.042 . ISSN   0043-1354 .
  12. ↑ Mazioti, Aikaterini A.; Stasinakis, Athanasios S.; Psoma, Aikaterini K.; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.; Andersen, Henrik R. (2017-02-05). "Hybrid Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor for the biodegradation of benzotriazoles and hydroxy-benzothiazole in wastewater" . Journal of Hazardous Materials . Special Issue on Emerging Contaminants in engineered and natural environment (?? ???????). 323 : 299?310. doi : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.035 . ISSN   0304-3894 .
  13. ↑ Polesel, Fabio; Torresi, Elena; Loreggian, Luca; Casas, Monica Escola; Christensson, Magnus; Bester, Kai; Plosz, Benedek Gy. (2017-10-15). "Removal of pharmaceuticals in pre-denitrifying MBBR ? Influence of organic substrate availability in single- and three-stage configurations" . Water Research (?? ???????). 123 : 408?419. doi : 10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.068 . ISSN   0043-1354 .
  14. ↑ Nodler, Karsten; Voutsa, Dimitra; Licha, Tobias (2014-08-15). "Polar organic micropollutants in the coastal environment of different marine systems" . Marine Pollution Bulletin (?? ???????). 85 (1): 50?59. doi : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.024 . ISSN   0025-326X .
  15. ↑ Falas, P.; Baillon-Dhumez, A.; Andersen, H. R.; Ledin, A.; la Cour Jansen, J. (2012-03-15). "Suspended biofilm carrier and activated sludge removal of acidic pharmaceuticals" . Water Research (?? ???????). 46 (4): 1167?1175. doi : 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.003 . ISSN   0043-1354 .
  16. ↑ Chen, Sheng; Sun, Dezhi; Chung, Jong-Shik (2007-06-01). "Treatment of pesticide wastewater by moving-bed biofilm reactor combined with Fenton-coagulation pretreatment" . Journal of Hazardous Materials (?? ???????). 144 (1): 577?584. doi : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.075 . ISSN   0304-3894 .
  17. ↑ Nogueira, Regina; Melo, Luı?s F; Purkhold, Ulrike; Wuertz, Stefan; Wagner, Michael (2002-01-01). "Nitrifying and heterotrophic population dynamics in biofilm reactors: effects of hydraulic retention time and the presence of organic carbon" . Water Research . Modern Scientific Tools in Bioprocessing (?? ???????). 36 (2): 469?481. doi : 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00229-9 . ISSN   0043-1354 .
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