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این یک مقالهٔ خوب است. برای اطلاعات بیشتر اینجا را کلیک کنید.
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????? ????? [?] ?? ?????????? [?] ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???? (?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????) [?] ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ? ???????? [?] ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? (O ? )? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ??. [?] ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ?? ??? ???? ????????.

?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????????????? (???????????) ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????????.

????? ????-?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ?????????.

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???? ?? ????? ??????? O ? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? O ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????????. ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. [?] ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? O ? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????. [?]

????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? (????? ?????) ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????. [?] ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? (???? ????) ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ? ?? ?? ??????? (?? ????) ????? ???????. ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????. [?]

???? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???. [??] ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???. ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ? ? ???????? (??? ????) ????? ????. [ ???? ] [??] [??]

???? ? ???? ??????? [ ?????? ]

????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???. [??] ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? (?? ???????? ???) ???. [??] ?????????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? C ? B ?? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????. [??]

O ? + UV → O ? + O

?????? ???? + ?????? ??????? → ??????? + ????

O ? + O → O ? + IR

?????? + ???? → ?????? ???? + ?????? ???????

?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? (O ? ) ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? (O ? ) ????? ??????. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??? ? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????. [??] ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???: [??]

???? ???? ? ????? ?? ?? [ ?????? ]

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???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? (??? ??????????? ????? ??????????).
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?????????????????? (???????????) ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????. ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????????. [??] [??] [??] ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????. [??]

?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. [??] ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????. [??]

????????? ???? ????? [?] ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.

?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????. [??] ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???: [??]

Cl + O ? → ClO + O ?

?????? + ??? ????????? → ???? + ???

ClO + O → Cl + O ?

?????? + ??? → ?????? ???? + ??? ?????????

?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. [??]

?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ??????????? ????????. ??? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???. [??] ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????. [??] ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????????????????? (??????????????) ?? ???? ????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??. [??] ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ???????. ???????? ???????????? 22-HCFC ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? (OH)? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????. [??]

?????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????. [??]

????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? (???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ) ?? ????????. [??] ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????????. [??] ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???. [??] ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????. [??] ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????. [??]

?? ??????? ???? (?????? ????) ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ????????. ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????. [??]

????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???. [??] ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????. [??] ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ?? ????? ?? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????????. [??]

?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???. [??] ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???. [??] ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????. [??] ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. [??]

??????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???. ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????. [??]

????? ????-?????? [ ?????? ]

????? ????-??????

?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? (O ? ) ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? (O ? ) ?? ?? ???? ???????. [??] ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??????. ????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????. [??]

???? ????????? [ ?????? ]

???? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????:

  • ????????????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???????.
  • ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????.

??? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????????. [??] ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ? ?? ?????????? ??????????? (????? ?? ??? ??????) ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? (NO x )? ??????? ??? ???? (VOC) ? ???? ???????? (CO) ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? (NO) ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? (NO ? ) ????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. [??]

?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????. ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????. [??]

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ ??? ??? ≪????? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ??? ???: ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??≫ . ????? ???? ????????? ???? ? ??? ?????. ?? ???? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? .
  2. ↑ ≪????? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ????≫ . ????? ???? ????????? ???? ? ??? ?????. ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? .
  3. ↑ ?????????? ???????
  4. ↑ Dobson-Nasa ??????????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine , Ozone thickness
  5. ↑ "Where Is Ozone Layer Located In the Earth's Atmosphere and Who First Discovered the Ozone Layer?" (?? ???????). Bigsiteofamazingfacts.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 .
  6. ↑ "Earth Observatory: Ozone Feature" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 .
  7. ↑ "4. Ozone and ultraviolet radiation" (?? ???????). Teara.govt. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 .
  8. ↑ "Topic Page:Ozone layer" (?? ???????). credoreference.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 .
  9. ↑ "Science: Ozone Basics" (?? ???????). NOAA.com . Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 .
  10. ↑ "Ozone Hole Watch: Latest status of Antarctic ozone" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 .
  11. ↑ "NASA Facts Archive" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 .
  12. ↑ "Ozone Hole Watch: What is a Dobson Unit?" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 .
  13. ↑ "UV radiation" (?? ???????). Eco-action.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 .
  14. ↑ "Introduction to Ozone: Background Material" (?? ???????). UCAR.edu. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 .
  15. ↑ "Introduction to Ozone" (?? ???????). UCAR.edu. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 .
  16. ↑ "Aura: A Mission Dedicated to the Health of Earth's Atmosphere ..." (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 .
  17. ↑ "STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION" (?? ???????). UNC.edu. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 .
  18. ↑ "Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion" (?? ???????). Ciesin.org. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 .
  19. ↑ "Environmental Indicators: Ozone Depletion" (?? ???????). EPA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 .
  20. ↑ ???? ???? ???? "Ozone Science: The Facts Behind the Phaseout" (?? ???????). EPA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 .
  21. ↑ Rachelle Oblack. "Ozone Layer Depletion" (?? ???????). About.com . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 .
  22. ↑ ???? ???? "HALOE: Tracking Ozone Loss From Space" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2013 .
  23. ↑ ???? ???? "OZONE" (?? ???????). WISC.edu. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 .
  24. ↑ "Protection of the ozone layer" (?? ???????). Europa.eu . Retrieved 3 April 2013 .
  25. ↑ "Phasing Out HCFC Refrigerants to Protect the Ozone Layer - US ..." (PDF) (?? ???????). Epa.gov . Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 .
  26. ↑ "19 What about HCFC's and HFC's? Do they destroy ozone?" (?? ???????). Stason.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 .
  27. ↑ "Ozone Depleting Substances" (?? ???????). Ene.gov. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 .
  28. ↑ "Ozone Resource Page" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 .
  29. ↑ "From Discovery, To Solution, To Evolution: Observing Earth's Ozone Layer" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 .
  30. ↑ "2012 Antarctic Ozone Hole Second Smallest in 20 Years" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 .
  31. ↑ "The Ozone Hole Tour: Part I. The History of the Ozone Hole" (?? ???????). Atm.ch.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 .
  32. ↑ "???? ????? ???" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 .
  33. ↑ ???? ????? ?? ???? '?? ??? ????? ???' ???????? ?????
  34. ↑ Elizabeth Steeter. "Global Warming Effects on Ozone Depletion" (?? ???????). eHow.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 .
  35. ↑ ???? ???? "The Ozone Layer" (?? ???????). NOAA . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 .
  36. ↑ Wynne Parry. "Climate Success Story: Saving the Ozone Layer" (?? ???????). NBCnews.com . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 .
  37. ↑ ???? ???? Kate Ravilious (27 January 2010). "Save the Ozone Layer, Give Global Warming a Boost?" (?? ???????). National Geographic . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 .
  38. ↑ "How does the hole in the ozone layer affect global warming?" (?? ???????). EIA.gov. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 .
  39. ↑ "Ozone Hole & Global Warming FAQ" (?? ???????). USsusa.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 .
  40. ↑ "Ozone" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 .
  41. ↑ "Ozone: What is it, and why do we care about it?" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 .
  42. ↑ "Tropospheric Ozone, the Polluter" (?? ???????). UCAR.edu. Archived from the original on 6 July 2005 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 .
  43. ↑ "Module 6: Air Pollutants and Control Techniques - Ozone - Formation Mechanisms" (?? ???????). EPA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 .
  44. ↑ "Watching our Ozone Weather" (?? ???????). NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 .

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در ویکی‌انبار ?????????? ????? ?? ??????????
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