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??? - ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????

???

?????? ???????
?? ?????????? ????????? ????
???? ?? Sn
???
???? ??????? (??? ???) ?? ??????? (????? ????)
??? ???? ????????? ( A r? ????????? ) ???????(?) [?]
??? ?? ???? ??????
Element 1: هیدروژن (H), Other non-metal
Element 2: هلیوم (He), Noble gas
Element 3: لیتیم (Li), Alkali metal
Element 4: برلیم (Be), Alkaline earth metal
Element 5: بور (B), Metalloid
Element 6: کربن (C), Other non-metal
Element 7: نیتروژن (N), Halogen
Element 8: اکسیژن (O), Halogen
Element 9: فلوئور (F), Halogen
Element 10: نئون (Ne), Noble gas
Element 11: سدیم (Na), Alkali metal
Element 12: منیزیم (Mg), Alkaline earth metal
Element 13: آلومینیم (Al), Other metal
Element 14: سیلسیم (Si), Metalloid
Element 15: فسفر (P), Other non-metal
Element 16: گوگرد (S), Other non-metal
Element 17: کلر (Cl), Halogen
Element 18: آرگون (Ar), Noble gas
Element 19: پتاسیم (K), Alkali metal
Element 20: کلسیم (Ca), Alkaline earth metal
Element 21: اسکاندیم (Sc), Transition metal
Element 22: تیتانیم (Ti), Transition metal
Element 23: وانادیم (V), Transition metal
Element 24: کروم (Cr), Transition metal
Element 25: منگنز (Mn), Transition metal
Element 26: آهن (Fe), Transition metal
Element 27: کبالت (Co), Transition metal
Element 28: نیکل (Ni), Transition metal
Element 29: مس (Cu), Transition metal
Element 30: روی (Zn), Other metal
Element 31: گالیم (Ga), Other metal
Element 32: ژرمانیم (Ge), Metalloid
Element 33: آرسنیک (As), Metalloid
Element 34: سلنیم (Se), Other non-metal
Element 35: برم (Br), Halogen
Element 36: کریپتون (Kr), Noble gas
Element 37: روبیدیم (Rb), Alkali metal
Element 38: استرانسیم (Sr), Alkaline earth metal
Element 39: ایتریم (Y), Transition metal
Element 40: زیرکونیم (Zr), Transition metal
Element 41: نیوبیم (Nb), Transition metal
Element 42: مولیبدن (Mo), Transition metal
Element 43: تکنسیم (Tc), Transition metal
Element 44: روتنیم (Ru), Transition metal
Element 45: رودیم (Rh), Transition metal
Element 46: پالادیم (Pd), Transition metal
Element 47: نقره (Ag), Transition metal
Element 48: کادمیم (Cd), Other metal
Element 49: ایندیم (In), Other metal
Element 50: قلع (Sn), Other metal
Element 51: آنتیموان (Sb), Metalloid
Element 52: تلوریم (Te), Metalloid
Element 53: ید (I), Halogen
Element 54: زنون (Xe), Noble gas
Element 55: سزیم (Cs), Alkali metal
Element 56: باریم (Ba), Alkaline earth metal
Element 57: لانتان (La), Lanthanoid
Element 58: سریم (Ce), Lanthanoid
Element 59: پرازئودیمیم (Pr), Lanthanoid
Element 60: نئودیمیم (Nd), Lanthanoid
Element 61: پرومتیم (Pm), Lanthanoid
Element 62: ساماریم (Sm), Lanthanoid
Element 63: اروپیم (Eu), Lanthanoid
Element 64: گادولینیم (Gd), Lanthanoid
Element 65: تربیم (Tb), Lanthanoid
Element 66: دیسپروزیم (Dy), Lanthanoid
Element 67: هولمیم (Ho), Lanthanoid
Element 68: اربیم (Er), Lanthanoid
Element 69: تولیم (Tm), Lanthanoid
Element 70: ایتربیم (Yb), Lanthanoid
Element 71: لوتتیم (Lu), Lanthanoid
Element 72: هافنیم (Hf), Transition metal
Element 73: تانتال (Ta), Transition metal
Element 74: تنگستن (W), Transition metal
Element 75: رنیم (Re), Transition metal
Element 76: اوسمیم (Os), Transition metal
Element 77: ایریدیم (Ir), Transition metal
Element 78: پلاتین (Pt), Transition metal
Element 79: طلا (Au), Transition metal
Element 80: جیوه (Hg), Other metal
Element 81: تالیم (Tl), Other metal
Element 82: سرب (Pb), Other metal
Element 83: بیسموت (Bi), Other metal
Element 84: پولونیم (Po), Other metal
Element 85: آستاتین (At), Metalloid
Element 86: رادون (Rn), Noble gas
Element 87: فرانسیم (Fr), Alkali metal
Element 88: رادیم (Ra), Alkaline earth metal
Element 89: آکتینیم (Ac), Actinoid
Element 90: توریم (Th), Actinoid
Element 91: پروتاکتینیم (Pa), Actinoid
Element 92: اورانیم (U), Actinoid
Element 93: نپتونیم (Np), Actinoid
Element 94: پلوتونیم (Pu), Actinoid
Element 95: امریسیم (Am), Actinoid
Element 96: کوریم (Cm), Actinoid
Element 97: برکلیم (Bk), Actinoid
Element 98: کالیفرنیم (Cf), Actinoid
Element 99: اینشتینیم (Es), Actinoid
Element 100: فرمیم (Fm), Actinoid
Element 101: مندلیفیم (Md), Actinoid
Element 102: نوبلیم (No), Actinoid
Element 103: لارنسیم (Lr), Actinoid
Element 104: رادرفوردیم (Rf), Transition metal
Element 105: دوبنیم (Db), Transition metal
Element 106: سیبورگیم (Sg), Transition metal
Element 107: بوهریم (Bh), Transition metal
Element 108: هاسیم (Hs), Transition metal
Element 109: مایتنریم (Mt)
Element 110: دارمشتادیم (Ds)
Element 111: رونتگنیم (Rg)
Element 112: کوپرنیسیم (Cn), Other metal
Element 113: نیهونیم (Nh)
Element 114: فلروویم (Fl)
Element 115: مسکوویم (Mc)
Element 116: لیورموریم (Lv)
Element 117: تنسین (Ts)
Element 118: اوگانسون (Og)
 Ge
↑
Sn
↓
Pb
?????? ← ??? → ????????
??? ???? ( Z ) ??
???? ??
???? ???? ?
???? ????-p
???? Post-transition metal
????? ???????? [ Kr ] 4d 10 5s 2 5p 2
?, ?, ??, ??, ?
????????? ??????
??? ??  STP ????
???? ??? ??????  K ​(?????? °C, ​?????? °F)
???? ??? ???? K ​(???? °C, ​???? °F)
????? (near  r.t. ) (????) ????? g/cm 3
(???????) ????? g/cm 3
?? ???? ???? (at  m.p. ) ???? g/cm 3
????? ?????? (????) ????  kJ/mol
??????? ????? (????) ????? kJ/mol
????? ?????? ???? (????) ?????? J/(mol·K)
???? ????
???? (Pa) ? ?? ??? ? K ?? K ??? K
?? ???? (K) ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
????????? ????
??? ?????? ?4 , ?3, ?2, ?1, 0, [?] +1, [?] +2 , +3, [?] +4 (an  amphoteric ?????)
????????????? ????? ????????: ????
????? ????
  • 1st: ????? kJ/mol
  • 2nd: ?????? kJ/mol
  • 3rd: ?????? kJ/mol
???? ???? empirical: ???  pm
???? ????????? pm ???±?
???? ?????????? ??? pm
Color lines in a spectral range
?? ??? ???? ???
???? ????? ??
?????? ????? ​ ????????? (????)? ?????? (???????)
?????? ?????? ???? μm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
???????? ?????? ???? W/(m·K)
????? ???????? 115 n Ω·m (at 0 °C)
????? ???????? (???????) ?????????? ? [?] (????) ???????????
???? ???? ?? GPa
???? ???? ?? GPa
???? ???? ?? GPa
???? ?????? ????
???? ??? ???
???? ????? ?? MPa
????? ??? ???????? ????-??-?
??????????? ???
??????? ??????? ???????? ( t ?/? ) ???? ??????? ?????
112 Sn 0.97% 112 Sn ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????
114 Sn 0.66% 114 Sn ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????
115 Sn 0.34% 115 Sn ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????
116 Sn 14.54% 116 Sn ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????
117 Sn 7.68% 117 Sn ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????
118 Sn 24.22% 118 Sn ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????
119 Sn 8.59% 119 Sn ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????
120 Sn 32.58% 120 Sn ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????
122 Sn 4.63% 122 Sn ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????
124 Sn 5.79% 124 Sn ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????
126 Sn ??????? ??????? ????? ???×10 5 y β ? 0.380 126 Sb
| ?????
???? ??? ?? ???? ??????

??? ?? ?????? [?] [?] [?] (?? ??????? : Tin ) ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? Sn ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????.

?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ???. ???? (????) ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ????? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??. ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???. ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????.

?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ≪??????≫ ?????? ??????????. [?]

???????? [ ?????? ]

??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (??? ?? ???? ?????? ???). ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? Sn? ???? ??????. Sn? ???? ????? ???? ? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????.

????? ??? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ???????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???. ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????. ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ????? ????. [??]

????? ??? ??????? ??:

????? ???? ??????? ??:

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . ???? ??? ? ???????(?????) . 88 (3): 265?91. doi : 10.1515/pac-2015-0305 .
  2. ↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound" . ChemistryViews . 27 August 2016.
  3. ↑ "HSn" . NIST Chemistry WebBook . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 23 January 2013 .
  4. ↑ "SnH3" . NIST Chemistry WebBook . National Institure of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 23 January 2013 .
  5. ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds , in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  6. ↑ ≪???? ????? | ???????? ?????≫ . www.vajehyab.com . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  7. ↑ ≪???? ????? | ????? ????? ????≫ . www.vajehyab.com . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  8. ↑ ≪???? ??? | ????? ????? ????≫ . www.vajehyab.com . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  9. ↑ ????? ????? ≪??????≫? ??? ?? ????? ?????? (????? ?????) ???? ???? ≪arz?z≫: ??. A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, D.N. Mackenzie (?? ?? ?????? ????? ??: ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?.?. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????).
  10. ↑ ???? ???????????. ≪????? ????? ? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????≫ . ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? .
???? ??????
H   He
Li Be   B C N O F Ne
Na Mg   Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca   Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr   Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????
  ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????
?? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???.
آیکون خرد

??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???. ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????.

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