???? ???

???? ??? (?? ??????? : Film stock ) ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????? ? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ^[?] ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? (UV) ???? ?????. ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? (IR) ??? ???? ?????.

?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ????-??-??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ????. ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? (?? ??????? : bleach step ) ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????. ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? II ? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ^[?] ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??.

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????? [ ?????? ]

↑ Karlheinz Keller et al. "Photography" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi : 10.1002/14356007.a20_001
↑ Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences (?? ???????). Academic Press. 28 December 2012. ISBN 978-0-12-382166-9 .

????????? - ????? ??? [ ?????? ]

Koszarski, Richard (1994). An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915?1928 , University of California Press. ???? ‎????????????????? .
Salt, Barry (1992). Film Style and Technology: History and Analysis . London: Starword.

?????? ????? [ ?????? ]

Ascher, Steve and Edward Pincus. The Filmmaker's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for the Digital Age . New York: Penguin Group, 1999.
Fujifilm UK. A Brief History of Fujifilm , 2001. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
Fujifilm USA. Motion Picture Chronology , 2001. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
Kodak. Chronology of Motion Picture Films , 2005. Retrieved 2009-06-29.

[Ullmann-1] Karlheinz Keller et al. "Photography" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi : 10.1002/14356007.a20_001

[2] Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences (?? ???????). Academic Press. 28 December 2012. ISBN 978-0-12-382166-9 .

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