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??? (?? ??????? : Hernia ) ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? (???????) ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????. ^[?]

????? ??????? ?? ????? (????? ???? ?? ??? ) ?? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? (????) ? ???? ???? (?????) ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ^[?]^[?]

????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????-?????????? (??? ?? ????? ?????????? ) ?????? ??????.

????? ??? [ ?????? ]

?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????.

????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? (inguinal hernia) ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ( ????? ??? ) ???? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ^[?] ??? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???????. ^[?]

??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ???. ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????.
??? ??? (Umbilical hernia) ???? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??.
??? ???? (Incisional hernia?) ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????.
??? ???? ?? ?????? (Cerebral): ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? (??? ???????) ?? ????? ??????.
??? ???? : ??????? ? ?????????? ???? ???? (pulposus) ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???.
??? ????????? : ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????. ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? (Hiatal hernia) ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ??????.
??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ^[?] ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ????????? (?????) ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????. ^[?]^[??]

????? ???? ???? ??? [ ?????? ]

????? ???????: ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? (????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????)
????? ????? ????????: ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ^[?]^[?]

??? [ ?????? ]

??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??: ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ??????? ???. ^[??]

????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??: ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? (?????? ???? ??? ??????? )? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ? ? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ( ???? ). ^[??]

?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????.

????? ??? [ ?????? ]

????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ^[?] ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???. ^[??]

????? [ ?????? ]

????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ????? (????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????) ???? ????. ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???. ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? (????? ???? ? ??? ???) ??????? ??????.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

???? ?????????

????? [ ?????? ]

↑ ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? Fitzgibbons RJ, Forse RA (February 2015). "Clinical practice. Groin hernias in adults". The New England Journal of Medicine . 372 (8): 756?63. doi : 10.1056/NEJMcp1404068 . PMID 25693015 .
↑ ^??? ^??? Domino FJ (2014). The 5-minute clinical consult 2014 (22nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 562. ISBN 978-1-4511-8850-9 . Archived from the original on 2017-08-22.
↑ ^??? ^??? Roman S, Kahrilas PJ (October 2014). "The diagnosis and management of hiatus hernia". BMJ . 349 : g6154. doi : 10.1136/bmj.g6154 . PMID 25341679 . S2CID 7141090 .
↑ Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" . Lancet . 388 (10053): 1545?1602. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 . PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282 .
↑ ≪Hernia≫ . medlineplus.gov . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
↑ ≪????? ??????≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? .
↑ "An unexpected finding during an inguinal herniorrhaphy: report of an indirect hernia with two hernia sacs" . Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports (?? ???????). 1 (10): 331?332. 2013-10-01. doi : 10.1016/j.epsc.2013.09.002 . ISSN 2213-5766 .
↑ ^??? ^??? ^??? ????? ????? ???. ≪??? ???? ?≫ . Pezeshki.Net . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
↑ Zimmerman, LM, Anson, BJ (1953) Anatomy and Surgery of Hernia, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 3
↑ ≪Inguinal Hernia - NIDDK≫ . National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (?? ???????) . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
↑ "Hiatal Hernia Symptoms, Causes And Relation To Acid Reflux And Heartburn" . Archived from the original on October 28, 2008 . Retrieved 2010-05-24 .
↑ Balentine JR. Stoppler MC (ed.). "Hernia Causes" . eMedicineHealth.com . WebMD. Archived from the original on 2010-05-31 . Retrieved 2010-05-24 .
↑ Nigam, VK (2009). Essentials of Abdominal Wall Hernias . I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 6. ISBN 9788189866938 . Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.

[NEJM15-1] ??? ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? Fitzgibbons RJ, Forse RA (February 2015). "Clinical practice. Groin hernias in adults". The New England Journal of Medicine . 372 (8): 756?63. doi : 10.1056/NEJMcp1404068 . PMID 25693015 .

[Dom2014-2] ??? ^??? Domino FJ (2014). The 5-minute clinical consult 2014 (22nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 562. ISBN 978-1-4511-8850-9 . Archived from the original on 2017-08-22.

[BMJ2014-3] ??? ^??? Roman S, Kahrilas PJ (October 2014). "The diagnosis and management of hiatus hernia". BMJ . 349 : g6154. doi : 10.1136/bmj.g6154 . PMID 25341679 . S2CID 7141090 .

[4] Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" . Lancet . 388 (10053): 1545?1602. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 . PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282 .

[5] ≪Hernia≫ . medlineplus.gov . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

[6] ≪????? ??????≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? .

[7] "An unexpected finding during an inguinal herniorrhaphy: report of an indirect hernia with two hernia sacs" . Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports (?? ???????). 1 (10): 331?332. 2013-10-01. doi : 10.1016/j.epsc.2013.09.002 . ISSN 2213-5766 .

[jfhkiohdg-8] ??? ^??? ^??? ????? ????? ???. ≪??? ???? ?≫ . Pezeshki.Net . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

[9] Zimmerman, LM, Anson, BJ (1953) Anatomy and Surgery of Hernia, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 3

[10] ≪Inguinal Hernia - NIDDK≫ . National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (?? ???????) . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

[11] "Hiatal Hernia Symptoms, Causes And Relation To Acid Reflux And Heartburn" . Archived from the original on October 28, 2008 . Retrieved 2010-05-24 .

[12] Balentine JR. Stoppler MC (ed.). "Hernia Causes" . eMedicineHealth.com . WebMD. Archived from the original on 2010-05-31 . Retrieved 2010-05-24 .

[13] Nigam, VK (2009). Essentials of Abdominal Wall Hernias . I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 6. ISBN 9788189866938 . Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.

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