한국   대만   중국   일본 
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????? ?????? ?? "????" ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????.

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?????? ????: ????? ?????

≪????? ?????≫ ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ??? ???????. [? ??] ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ≪????? ?????? ???????≫ ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??. ???? ????? ? ???? (???? ????????)? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?????: ????? ? ????? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????: ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????. [? ??] ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????: ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????: ??????? ? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???. [? ??]

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????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ????. [??]

????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????. [??]

????? ?????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. [? ??]

?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? (?? ??????? ????) ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???. [? ??]

???? ? ?????? ????? [ ?????? ]

?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????. [? ??]

???????? ?? ????? ???? [ ?????? ]

?? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????: ???? ? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????. [??]

?????? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? -?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????. ????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. [??] ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????-?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????-?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ????? (? ?? ???) ?????? ????? ??????. [??]

???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? [??] ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????. [??]

???????? ? ????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ????: ????? ????
???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ???

????????? ? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ?? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ? ????????? ?? ≪???? ??? ?????≫ ?? ???? ≪????? ?? ???≫ ???? ??. ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????: ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ????… ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????. [??]

?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? (?? ??????: ??????? ???? ) ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. [? ??]

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???.

?????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ Hospice
  2. ↑ global health
  3. ↑ " internal medicine " at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  4. ↑ Therapeutics
  5. ↑ Internship

????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ Kasper, Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine , 1 .
  2. ↑ Dance, Amber (2016-09-08). "Medical histories" . Nature . 537 (7619): S52?53. doi : 10.1038/537S52a . ISSN   1476-4687 . PMID   27602739 .
  3. ↑ Epstein, “Medical genetics in the genomic medicine of the 21st century” , 434-438 .
  4. ↑ Mackenzie, D. N. (1986). "bize?k". A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary (?? ???????). London: Oxford University Press.
  5. ↑ K??g?, K?vasaj? Edalaj? (1909). "Physician". An English-Avesta Dictionary (?? ???????). Bombay: The Fort Printing Press.
  6. ↑ Lanman, Charles Rockwell (1966). "bhi?aj". A Sanskrit Reader: Text and Vocabulary and Notes (?? ???????). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 206. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013.
  7. ↑ Shuter, Kelly and Rees, Medicine through time .
  8. ↑ Edwin Smith papyrus (?? ???????), Britannica Online Encyclopedia, archived from the original on 1 November 2014 , retrieved 21 April 2012
  9. ↑ Griffith, The Petrie Papyri .
  10. ↑ Selin and Shapiro, Medicine Across Cultures , 35 .
  11. ↑ Horstmanshoff, Magic And Rationality In Ancient Medicine , 97 .
  12. ↑ Grammaticos and Diamantis, “Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine” .
  13. ↑ Grammaticos and Diamantis, “Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine” .
  14. ↑ Garrison, History of Medicine .
  15. ↑ Marti-Ibanez, A Prelude to Medical History .
  16. ↑ Longrigg, Greek rational medicine .
  17. ↑ Dear, Revolutionizing the Sciences , 37-39 .
  18. ↑ Becka, “The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture” , 17?23 .
  19. ↑ Medical Practitioners (?? ???????), Eee.uci.edu, archived from the original on 18 June 2010 , retrieved 20 May 2013 {{ citation }} : More than one of |????? ???????= ? |archivedate= specified ( help )
  20. ↑ The Canon of Medicine (work by Avicenna) (?? ???????), Encyclopædia Britannica, 11 June 2008, archived from the original on 28 May 2008 , retrieved 20 May 2013 {{ citation }} : ??????? ??????:????? ? ??? ( link )
  21. ↑ Ahmad, “Al-Zahrawi ? The Father of Surgery” , A83 .
  22. ↑ ?????? ????, “?? ? ???????? ?? ?????” , 102 ? 105 .
  23. ↑ ??????? ?????, “??? ???? ? ????? ???? ???” .
  24. ↑ ≪??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????≫ . ??????? ?????. ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ???? .
  25. ↑ ?????, “?????? ?? ????????? ??????” .
  26. ↑ ?????????, “???? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????” , 46 .
  27. ↑ ?????????, “????? ????? ?????? ???? ???” .
  28. ↑ ?????, “????? ????? ?????? ???? ???” , 76 .
  29. ↑ ????? ??????, “????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????” .
  30. ↑ Barrett, Science and Theology Since Copernicus , 18 .
  31. ↑ Page through a virtual copy of Vesalius's De Humanis Corporis Fabrica (?? ???????), 21 April 2012, archived from the original on 18 August 2010 , retrieved 20 May 2013 {{ citation }} : Unknown parameter |????= ignored ( help )
  32. ↑ Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) (?? ???????), University of Berkely , retrieved 23 August 2013
  33. ↑ Graphical study on the Manuscript of Paris by Servetus (?? ???????), Michael Servetus Research , retrieved 23 August 2013
  34. ↑ Ribatti, “William Harvey and the discovery of the circulation of the blood” , 3 .
  35. ↑ Fissell, “The Disappearance of the Patient's Narrative and the Invention of Hospital Medicine” .
  36. ↑ Ravdin, “The Changing Scene in American Surgery” , 666?75 .
  37. ↑ ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ( ????-??-?? ). ≪??????≫ . ?????? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  38. ↑ Everitt and Palmer, Encyclopaedic Companion to Medical Statistics , 447-8 .
  39. ↑ Harrison, The Medical War , 291 .
  40. ↑ Harrison, Medicine and victory , 277 .
  41. ↑ ???? ???? Turner, Rorbert (2003). Lecture Notes on Clinical Skills (?? ???????) (4th ed.). Blackwell Science. pp. 27?49.
  42. ↑ Coulehan JL? The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice ? xviii .
  43. ↑ Addison K, Braden JH, Cupp JE, Emmert D, et al. (AHIMA e-HIM Work Group on the Legal Health Record) (2005). "Update: Guidelines for Defining the Legal Health Record for Disclosure Purposes" . Journal of AHIMA . ?? (?): 64A?G. PMID   16245584 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2013 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help ) ??????? ??????:??????? ?????:????? ????????? ( link )
  44. ↑ Coulehan JL? The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice ? 144 .
  45. ↑ Coulehan JL? The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice ? 45 .
  46. ↑ Coulehan JL? The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice ? 74 .
  47. ↑ Coulehan JL? The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice ? 90 .
  48. ↑ Coulehan JL? The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice ? 78 .
  49. ↑ Coulehan JL? The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice ? 118 .
  50. ↑ Fournier, Arthur (2000). "Diagnosing diabetes" . Journal of General Internal Medicine . 15 (8): 603?604. doi : 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.00535.x . ISSN   0884-8734 .
  51. ↑ Coulehan JL? The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice ? 137 .
  52. ↑ Nicoll C, Pignone M, Lu CM. Chapter e3. Diagnostic Testing & Medical Decision Making. In: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW, eds. CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2013. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2013. http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=21978 . Accessed July 30, 2013.
  53. ↑ Coulehan JL? The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice ? 174 .
  54. ↑ ???? ???? Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine , Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science, 2004-01-14
  55. ↑ ???? ???? "The Case For Single Payer, Universal Health Care For The United States" . Cthealth.server101.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018 . Retrieved 4 May 2009 .
  56. ↑ Martin Sipkoff (2004). "Transparency called key to uniting cost control, quality improvement" . Managed Care . Archived from the original on 17 February 2004 . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
  57. ↑ Parvin R (2013) Primary Health Care. J Gen Pract 1: e101. doi:10.4172/jgpr.1000e101
  58. ↑ Johns Hopkins Medicine. Patient Care: Tertiary Care Definition . ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine Accessed 18 Jun 2013.
  59. ↑ ???? ???? Emory University. School of Medicine. ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine Accessed 18 Jun 2013.
  60. ↑ Alberta Rural Physician Action Plan. Levels of Care . ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? Wayback Machine Accessed 18 Jun 2013.
  61. ↑ McCarthy, Michael (2002). "A brief history of the World Health Organization". The Lancet . 360 (9340): 1111?1112. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11244-X . ISSN   0140-6736 .
  62. ↑ ≪About WHO≫ . WHO. ??????????? ?? ???? ?? 22 ??? 2013 . ?????????? ?? June 2013 . ????? ???? ??? ?? |????? ???????= ?? ????? ???? ( ??? )
  63. ↑ Brown, Theodore M.; Cueto, Marcos; Fee, Elizabeth (2006). "The World Health Organization and the Transition From "International" to "Global" Public Health" . American Journal of Public Health . 96 (1): 62?72. doi : 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831 . ISSN   0090-0036 .
  64. ↑ "The Royal Australasian College of Physicians: What are Physicians?" . Royal Australasian College of Physicians. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 5 February 2008 .
  65. ↑ "therapeutics (medicine) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia" . Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 2012-04-21 .
  66. ↑ Coulehan JL? The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice ? xvii .
  67. ↑ Cox, Malcolm; Irby, David M.; Cooke, Molly; Irby, David M.; Sullivan, William; Ludmerer, Kenneth M. (2006). "American Medical Education 100 Years after the Flexner Report". New England Journal of Medicine . 355 (13): 1339?1344. doi : 10.1056/NEJMra055445 . ISSN   0028-4793 .
  68. ↑ ???? ???? Thompson? Elinor. Understanding Medical Regulation (PDF) . HLSP Limited. ??????????? ?? ???? (PDF) ?? ? ????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? .
  69. ↑ Farmer, Paul (2001). "The major infectious diseases in the world--to treat or not to treat?" . The New England Journal of Medicine . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 November 2012 .
  70. ↑ ???? ???? Grove WH, Zald DH, Lebow BS, Snitz BE, Nelson C. (2000). "Clinical versus mechanical prediction: A meta-analysis" (PDF) . Psychological Assessment . ?? (?): ?????. doi : 10.1037//1040-3590.12.1.19 . PMID   10752360 . Archived from the original (w) on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . {{ cite journal }} : ??????? ??????:??????? ?????:????? ????????? ( link )
  71. ↑ "Eliminating Health Disparities" . American Medical Association. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 .
  72. ↑ "Mental Disorders, Quality of Care, and Outcomes Among Older Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure" . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 .
  73. ↑ MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". Nobelprize.org. 20 May 2013 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/
  • ?????? ???? ( ???? ). ≪?????? ?? ????????? ??????: ???? ?????? ????≫. ?????????? ? ???? ??????≫ ?????≫ (??): ?? .
  • ??????? ?????? ???? ( ???? ). ≪??? ???? ? ????? ???? ???≫. ????? ? ????? (????? ? ?????) . ??? ? ???? (???? ????) (?).
  • ????? ??????? ??? ???? ( ???? ). ≪????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????≫. ???? ??? ????? ? ??????? (?? ? ??).
  • ?????? ????? ???? ( ???? ). ≪?? ? ???????? ?? ?????≫. ????? ????? (??????? ??????????) (??).
  • ?????????? ???? ( ???? ). ≪????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ??????≫. ????? ??? (?).
  • ?????? ???? ( ???? ). ???? ??? ???? ? ???? (???). ??????? |?????= ?? |title= ??????? ?? ???? ( ??? )
  • ?????????? ????? ( ???? ). ≪???? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????≫ (?). ?? ??????? ???????? |?? ????= ??????? ?? ( ??? )
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????? ????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ ???????, “????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????” , 18 .
  2. ↑ ??????? ????? ≪????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????≫ .
  3. ↑ ?????? ???? ( ???? ???? ). ≪???? ????? ?? ???? ??????≫. ???? ????? (?): ??? . ??????? |????? ???????= ???? ?? ???? ???? |?????= ???? ( ??? )
  4. ↑ ?????? ????? ( ???? ). ≪????????? ??????? ?????)(PHC ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????≫. ?????? ????? . ?? (??): ????? . ??????? |????? ???????= ???? ?? ???? ???? |?????= ???? ( ??? )
  5. ↑ ≪??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????≫ (PDF) . ????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ?? Care.pdf ???? ????? |?????= ?? ????? ???? ( ??? ) (PDF) ?? ?? ??? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? .
  6. ↑ ≪?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????≫ (PDF) . ????? ?????? ?????. ??.  ??? . ??????????? ?? ???? (PDF) ?? ?? ??? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? .
  7. ↑ ≪?????? ?? ?????????≫ . ???? ????? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???????. ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ???? .
  8. ↑ ≪??????? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ? ????????≫ . irteb. ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ???? .
  9. ↑ ≪????? ???????? ??????? ?????≫ . ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ???? .
  10. ↑ ≪?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ???? .
  11. ↑ ??????? ???? ( ???? ? ??????? ?? ). ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? (?): ?? . ????? ???? ??? ?? |???=?|?????=? ??? ?????|???= / |?????= ?? ????? ???? ( ??? ); ??????? |?????= ?? |title= ??????? ?? ???? ( ??? ); ??????? |????? ???????= ???? ?? ???? ???? |?????= ???? ( ??? )
  12. ↑ ??????? ???? ??? ( ??????? ???? ). ≪????? ?????≫. ?????????? ????? (?): ?? . ??????? |????? ???????= ???? ?? ???? ???? |?????= ???? ( ??? )
  13. ↑ ???? ????? ???? ??? ( ??? ???? ). ≪????? ?? ? ????? ?????≫. ??????? ?????? (??): ????? . ??????? |????? ???????= ???? ?? ???? ???? |?????= ???? ( ??? )
  14. ↑ ≪????????? ???? ?????? ?????≫ (PDF) . ??????????? ?? ???? (PDF) ?? ?? ??? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? .
  15. ↑ ?????? ????? ( ??? ? ???? ???? ). ≪???? ?????: ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????≫. ????? ?????? (?): ?? . ??????? |????? ???????= ???? ?? ???? ???? |?????= ???? ( ??? )
  16. ↑ ?????? ????? ( ???? ). ≪????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????≫. ???? ????? ????? : ?????? . ??????? |????? ???????= ???? ?? ???? ???? |?????= ???? ( ??? )
  17. ↑ ≪????≫ . ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????. ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ???? .

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

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