한국   대만   중국   일본 
???? ????? ????? - ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????

???? ????? ?????

?? ?????????? ????????? ????
???? ????? ?????
???? ?????? ?????
???? ???? ?? ??????? ? ????
?????? ????
?????? ????
????? ????
???? ????? ?
???????? ??? ????
??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???. ???? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????.

???? ????? ????? (?? ???? : ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ????: ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ) ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???. ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????-????? ?????. ????? ????? ????-?????? ? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

  • Blanc, Haim. Communal Dialects in Baghdad : Harvard 1964.
  • Kees Versteegh , et al. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics : Brill 2006.
  • Mansour, Jacob. The Jewish Baghdadi Dialect: Studies and Texts in the Judaeo-Arabic Dialect of Baghdad : The Babylonian Jewry Heritage Centre 1991.
  • Ab?-Haidar, Far?da (1991). Christian Arabic of Baghdad . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN   978-3-447-03209-4 .

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]