?????????? ???

?????????? ??? (?? ??????? : National Syndicalism ) ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????. ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ????.

?????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???-?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???.

????? (?????????) [ ?????? ]

?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? Action Francaise ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ≪????≫ ? ??? ???? ????????? ???. ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? ???? ??????? (????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ? ??? ?????) ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? Terre libre ?? ????? ???.

???? (????) [ ?????? ]

???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????. ^[?]^[?] ?? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ^[?]^[?] ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ≪???? ?????????≫ ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???. ?????? ?????? ^[?] ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???. ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ≪?????? ?????≫ ???? ?????. ^[?]

?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? Action Francaise ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? Enquete sur la monarchie ??? ???? . ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???. ???? ???? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? Il Divenire sociale (???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ) ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ??? . ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???. ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ≪????????????? ?? ????????≫ ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???.

La cite francaise ? L'Independance (1910-1913) [ ?????? ]

?? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? La cite francaise ????? ???? . ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? (??? ???? ? ?????? ???) ? ????? Action Francaise (??? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????) ???? ??. La cite francaise ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???.

?? ?? ???? La cite francaise ? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???. ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? L'Independance ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??. ??????? ?? ???? ???? Action Francaise ??? ? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ??????.

???? ?????? [ ?????? ]

???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? La Cite francaise ? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? (??? Action Francaise ) ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ??? ???. ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ≪????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ? ?? ??????????? ??≫ ???.

???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ???. ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???-???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ???? ???? Cercle Proudhon ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? Cahiers du cercle Proudhon ????? ?? .

??????? [ ?????? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????. ^[?] ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????. ????????? ????? ?????? ????????. ^[?] ??? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????: ?? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ?????. ^[?] ??? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ? ≪?? ??????????? ???? ???????≫ ?????? ???? ?? ≪?????? ??? ??????? ?????≫ ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ^[??] ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ^[??]

?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ^[??] ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???. ^[??] ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? "??? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? "????????? " ?????? ? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???. ^[??] ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? (ANI) ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ? ????? ???? ?? ≪????????? ?????≫ ???. ^[??] ???????????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ????. ^[??]

?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ≪?????????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ??? … ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ??????.≫ ^[??] ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ????? ≪?????????? ???????≫ ?? ?? ??? ≪????? ? ??????? ????????? ????? … ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ???≫. ^[??] ?????? ? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ≪ ?????? ?????? ≫ ??? ????? ?????. ^[??] ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ≪????? ??????? ?? ??≫? ?????? ? ???? ?????????? ?? ≪?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???≫. ^[??] ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????? ^[??] ? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ≪????????≫ ? ≪?????≫ ??? ??????. ^[??]

?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ?? " Fascio nazionale " (??????? ???) ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??????. ^[??]

?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ^[??]

??? ????? ????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? (???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??????). ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? La Conquista del Estado ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??. ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? (CNT) ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???. ??????? ????? ?? ????? CNT ???? ???? ??? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??. ????? ?? ???? ???? Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista ????? ?? ? ???????? ????????? ?? Falange Espanola ????? ??. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??. ?? ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? CNT ???? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???.

??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? Movimento Nacional-Sindicalista (???? ?? ????? ??? ????) ???? ????? ???? ?? Francisco Rolao Preto ?? ????? ???????? Falange ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???.

????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???.

Unidad Falangista Montanesa ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???-?????????? ???.

????? ?? ?????????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ? ???? ??????. ????????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[??] ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????-??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???. ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ Spencer M. Di Scala, Emilio Gentile, edits. , Mussolini 1883-1915: Triumph and Transformation of a Revolutionary Socialist , New York, NY, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, Chap. 5, Marco Gervasoni, “Mussolini and Revolutionary Syndicalism,” p. 131
↑ James Ramsay McDonald, Syndicalism: A Critical Examination , London, UK, Constable & Co. Ltd. , 1912, p. 7
↑ “For Lenin,” Soviet Russia, Official Organ of The Russian Soviet Government Bureau , Vol. II, New York: NY, January-June 1920 (April 10, 1920), p. 356
↑ Jacob L. Talmon , The Myth of the Nation and the Vision of Revolution: The Origins of Ideological Polarization in the 20th Century , University of California Press (1981) p. 451. Sorel’s March 1921 conversations with Jean Variot, published in Variot’s Propos de Georges Sorel , (1935) Paris, pp. 53-57, 66-86 passim
↑ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 76
↑ Georges Sorel, Reflections on Violence , edited and intro by Jeremy Jennings, Cambridge Texts of the History of Political Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. ix
↑ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 161
↑ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri. The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton University Press, 1994. pp. 31-32
↑ Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri. The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 32
↑ ^???? ^???? Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri. The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 33
↑ ^???? ^???? Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri. The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 163
↑ ^???? ^???? ^???? Martin Blinkhorn. Mussolini and fascist Italy . Second edition. New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2003 Pp. 9.
↑ A. James Gregor, The Faces of Janus: Marxism and Fascism in the Twentieth Century , Yale University Press, 1999, p 216, note 42, Mussolini "Commento" in Opera omnia , vol. 18, pp. 228-229
↑ Emilio Gentile, The Origins of Fascist Ideology 1918-1925 , New York, NY, Enigma Books, 2005, p. 322
↑ Martin Blinkhorn, edit. , Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe, chap. 2: Roland Sarti, "Italian fascism: radical politics and conservative goals," London/New York, Routledge, 2001, pp. 22-23
↑ David D. Roberts, The Syndicalist Tradition and Italian Fascism , University of North Carolina Press, 1979, p. 290
↑ Franklin Hugh Adler, Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism: The Political Development of the Industrial Bourgeoisie, 1906-1934 , Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 391
↑ Lavoro d'Italia , January 6, 1926
↑ Anthony James Gregor. Mussolini's intellectuals: fascist social and political thought . Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. 78.
↑ Anthony James Gregor. Mussolini's intellectuals: fascist social and political thought . Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. 81.
↑ Flynn, M.K. "Royalist and Fascist Nationalism and National Socialism In France". History of European Ideas . 15 (4?6): 805. doi : 10.1016/0191-6599(92)90094-S . Syndicalism also stresses the importance of a collective consciousness, but, as opposed to corporatism and nationalism, on a class basis as indicated by reliance on the term ‘syndicate’. It opposes state authority as inherently exploitative and focuses primarily on changes to economic structures,.

[1] Spencer M. Di Scala, Emilio Gentile, edits. , Mussolini 1883-1915: Triumph and Transformation of a Revolutionary Socialist , New York, NY, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, Chap. 5, Marco Gervasoni, “Mussolini and Revolutionary Syndicalism,” p. 131

[2] James Ramsay McDonald, Syndicalism: A Critical Examination , London, UK, Constable & Co. Ltd. , 1912, p. 7

[3] “For Lenin,” Soviet Russia, Official Organ of The Russian Soviet Government Bureau , Vol. II, New York: NY, January-June 1920 (April 10, 1920), p. 356

[4] Jacob L. Talmon , The Myth of the Nation and the Vision of Revolution: The Origins of Ideological Polarization in the 20th Century , University of California Press (1981) p. 451. Sorel’s March 1921 conversations with Jean Variot, published in Variot’s Propos de Georges Sorel , (1935) Paris, pp. 53-57, 66-86 passim

[5] Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 76

[6] Georges Sorel, Reflections on Violence , edited and intro by Jeremy Jennings, Cambridge Texts of the History of Political Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. ix

[Zeev_Sternhell_1994._Pp._161-7] Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 161

[8] Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri. The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton University Press, 1994. pp. 31-32

[9] Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri. The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 32

[:0-10] ???? ^???? Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri. The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 33

[Zeev_Sternhell_1994._Pp._163-11] ???? ^???? Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder, Maia Asheri. The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 163

[Martin_Blinkhorn_Pp._9-12] ???? ^???? ^???? Martin Blinkhorn. Mussolini and fascist Italy . Second edition. New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2003 Pp. 9.

[13] A. James Gregor, The Faces of Janus: Marxism and Fascism in the Twentieth Century , Yale University Press, 1999, p 216, note 42, Mussolini "Commento" in Opera omnia , vol. 18, pp. 228-229

[14] Emilio Gentile, The Origins of Fascist Ideology 1918-1925 , New York, NY, Enigma Books, 2005, p. 322

[15] Martin Blinkhorn, edit. , Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe, chap. 2: Roland Sarti, "Italian fascism: radical politics and conservative goals," London/New York, Routledge, 2001, pp. 22-23

[16] David D. Roberts, The Syndicalist Tradition and Italian Fascism , University of North Carolina Press, 1979, p. 290

[17] Franklin Hugh Adler, Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism: The Political Development of the Industrial Bourgeoisie, 1906-1934 , Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 391

[18] Lavoro d'Italia , January 6, 1926

[19] Anthony James Gregor. Mussolini's intellectuals: fascist social and political thought . Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. 78.

[20] Anthony James Gregor. Mussolini's intellectuals: fascist social and political thought . Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. 81.

[21] Flynn, M.K. "Royalist and Fascist Nationalism and National Socialism In France". History of European Ideas . 15 (4?6): 805. doi : 10.1016/0191-6599(92)90094-S . Syndicalism also stresses the importance of a collective consciousness, but, as opposed to corporatism and nationalism, on a class basis as indicated by reliance on the term ‘syndicate’. It opposes state authority as inherently exploitative and focuses primarily on changes to economic structures,.

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