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?????????? ????? ^[?] ?? ?????????? ^[?] ?? ???????? ^[?] (?? ??????? : Cell biology, cellular biology ?? Cytology ) ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???. ^[?] ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????. ^[?]^[?] ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????. ^[?]

??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ???????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ^[?] ? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????. ^[?]

?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? (???? ?????? ?? ??) ????? ??????. ^[?] ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ????????? ??? ??????. ^[??] ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ???. ^[??]

????? ????? ?? ???????? [ ?????? ]

?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? RNA ? DNA ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???.

?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???. ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????.

??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ???. ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???????.

??? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

↑ ????????? ????? ??????-???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? . ?. ? ???. ???????? ?????? ????. ???? . ??. ???? . ???? ???-???-???-???-? .
↑ ^??? ^??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??. ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? . ?. ? ???. ???????? ????????? ???????? ???. ???? . ??. ??? . ???? ???-???-????-??-? .
↑ ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?. ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? . ???????? ???. ???? . ??. ??? . ???? ???-???-????-??-? .
↑ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander D.; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2015). "Cells and genomes". Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science. pp. 1 ?42. ISBN 978-0-8153-4432-2 .
↑ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander D.; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2015). "Cells and genomes". Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science. pp. 1 ?42. ISBN 978-0-8153-4432-2 .
↑ Bisceglia, Nick. "Cell Biology" . Scitable . www.nature.com.
↑ Gupta, P. (Dec 1, 2005). Cell and Molecular Biology . Rastogi Publications. p. 11 . ISBN 978-8171338177 .
↑ Levetin, Estelle; McMahon, Karen (2014-10-16). Ebook: Plants and Society (?? ???????). McGraw Hill. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-07-717206-0 .
↑ Cooper, Geoffrey M. (2000). "Tools of Cell Biology" . The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd Edition .
↑ Elosegui-Artola A, Andreu I, Beedle AE, Lezamiz A, Uroz M, Kosmalska AJ, et al. (November 2017). "Force Triggers YAP Nuclear Entry by Regulating Transport across Nuclear Pores" . Cell . 171 (6): 1397?1410.e14. doi : 10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.008 . PMID 29107331 .
↑ "Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) | British Society for Cell Biology" . Retrieved 2019-10-06 .

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

????????
?????????? ????? ???? ????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ????
????? ?????????? ????? ?????

[1] ????????? ????? ??????-???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? . ?. ? ???. ???????? ?????? ????. ???? . ??. ???? . ???? ???-???-???-???-? .

[:0-2] ??? ^??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??. ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? . ?. ? ???. ???????? ????????? ???????? ???. ???? . ??. ??? . ???? ???-???-????-??-? .

[3] ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?. ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? . ???????? ???. ???? . ??. ??? . ???? ???-???-????-??-? .

[alberts2017a-4] Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander D.; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2015). "Cells and genomes". Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science. pp. 1 ?42. ISBN 978-0-8153-4432-2 .

[alberts2017a2-5] Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander D.; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2015). "Cells and genomes". Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science. pp. 1 ?42. ISBN 978-0-8153-4432-2 .

[6] Bisceglia, Nick. "Cell Biology" . Scitable . www.nature.com.

[Cell_and_Molecular_Biology2-7] Gupta, P. (Dec 1, 2005). Cell and Molecular Biology . Rastogi Publications. p. 11 . ISBN 978-8171338177 .

[8] Levetin, Estelle; McMahon, Karen (2014-10-16). Ebook: Plants and Society (?? ???????). McGraw Hill. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-07-717206-0 .

[:12-9] Cooper, Geoffrey M. (2000). "Tools of Cell Biology" . The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd Edition .

[pmid_29107331-10] Elosegui-Artola A, Andreu I, Beedle AE, Lezamiz A, Uroz M, Kosmalska AJ, et al. (November 2017). "Force Triggers YAP Nuclear Entry by Regulating Transport across Nuclear Pores" . Cell . 171 (6): 1397?1410.e14. doi : 10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.008 . PMID 29107331 .

[11] "Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) | British Society for Cell Biology" . Retrieved 2019-10-06 .

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