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??? ?????????? (?? ??????? : Year Without a Summer ) (?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ? ???? ? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????) ^[?] ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ????????). ^[?] ???? ????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ≪??? ??????????≫ ???????.

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??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??. ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??. ?? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death (???? ? ????? ? ?? ??? ????) ???????. ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???. ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???. ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ^[?] ????? ??.

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?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ???. ????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???.

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????? [ ?????? ]

↑ "Weather Doctor's Weather People and History: Eighteen Hundred and Froze To Death, The Year There Was No Summer" . Islandnet.com . Retrieved 12 October 2017 .
↑ Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath". Science . 224 (4654): 1191?1198. Bibcode : 1984Sci...224.1191S . doi : 10.1126/science.224.4654.1191 . PMID 17819476 . S2CID 23649251 .
↑ Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath". Science . 224 (4654): 1191?1198. Bibcode : 1984Sci...224.1191S . doi : 10.1126/science.224.4654.1191 . PMID 17819476 .

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

1816, the Year Without a Summer on In Our Time at the BBC .

[islandnet1-1] "Weather Doctor's Weather People and History: Eighteen Hundred and Froze To Death, The Year There Was No Summer" . Islandnet.com . Retrieved 12 October 2017 .

[2] Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath". Science . 224 (4654): 1191?1198. Bibcode : 1984Sci...224.1191S . doi : 10.1126/science.224.4654.1191 . PMID 17819476 . S2CID 23649251 .

[3] Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath". Science . 224 (4654): 1191?1198. Bibcode : 1984Sci...224.1191S . doi : 10.1126/science.224.4654.1191 . PMID 17819476 .

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