????????????????

???????????????? ?? ???????????????? (?? ??????? : Biodegradation ) (? ?????? ???????????? )? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????????????? ???? ???????????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ≪???????≫ (Compostable) ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???????????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????????????? ???? ≪?????? ???≫ ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????.

?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ?? ???????????????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? (?? ????? ???? ???)? ????????? ?????????? (PCB??)? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? (PAH??) ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????.

????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ( ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ? ??????? : IUPAC)? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????:

???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???.

????? ???? ?? ???? ?????

?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???: ???? ?? ? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ^[?] ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ^[?]

???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? (Respirometry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bio-remediation) ?????? ??????. ^[?]

???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ^[?]

?????	???? ?????
?????? ?????	??? ????
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???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ^[?] ??????????

?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???????????? ?? ????? PVC ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? PVC ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ^[?] ????????? ????? ??? ??????????? (polycaprolactone)? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????. ??? ?- ???????? ??????? (???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????) ? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ? ???????? (?????? ?????) ??? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????.

?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????.

??????? ??? ??????????? ? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????.

?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????. ^[?] ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????: ≪???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ? ????? (???? ????) ????? ????.≫ (????: ASTM D 6002) ^[?]

?????? ≪?????? ???≫ ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ^[?]^[??]

-????? ???????: ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????. -???? ????? ?????: ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ? ?? ???? ??? ???????????????? ?? ??? ? ???. -??????? ????? ?????: ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ? ????????? ?? ????? ?????. -?????: ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????.

?????????? ????? [ ?????? ]

?? ????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????????? ?? ????.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

↑ 1. Sims, G. K. and A.M. Cupples. 1999. Factors controlling degradation of pesticides in soil. Pesticide Science 55:598?601.
↑ 2. Sims, G.K. (1991). The effects of sorption on the bioavailability of pesticides. London: Springer Verlag. pp. 119?137.
↑ 3. "Measuring Biodegradability", The University of Waikato, June 19, 2008
↑ 4. "Marine Debris Biodegradation Time Line". C-MORE, citing Mote Marine Laboratory, 1993.
↑ 5. Kurt Kosswig,"Surfactants" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2005, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_747
↑ 6. Kyrikou, Ioanna; Briassoulis, Demetres (12 Apr 2007). "Biodegradation of Agricultural Plastic Films: A Critical Review". Journal of Polymers and the Environment. SpringerLink. 15 (2): 125?150. doi:10.1007/s10924-007-0053-8. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
↑ 7. "Microsoft Word - SECTION 6 BIODEGRADABILITY OF PACKAGING WASTE.doc" (PDF). Www3.imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
↑ 8. "Compostable.info". Compostable.info. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
↑ 9. http://greenplastics.com/wiki/EN_13432
↑ 10. M. Breulmann et al. "Polymers, Biodegradable" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2012 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.n21_n01

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

[1] 1. Sims, G. K. and A.M. Cupples. 1999. Factors controlling degradation of pesticides in soil. Pesticide Science 55:598?601.

[2] 2. Sims, G.K. (1991). The effects of sorption on the bioavailability of pesticides. London: Springer Verlag. pp. 119?137.

[3] 3. "Measuring Biodegradability", The University of Waikato, June 19, 2008

[4] 4. "Marine Debris Biodegradation Time Line". C-MORE, citing Mote Marine Laboratory, 1993.

[5] 5. Kurt Kosswig,"Surfactants" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2005, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_747

[6] 6. Kyrikou, Ioanna; Briassoulis, Demetres (12 Apr 2007). "Biodegradation of Agricultural Plastic Films: A Critical Review". Journal of Polymers and the Environment. SpringerLink. 15 (2): 125?150. doi:10.1007/s10924-007-0053-8. Retrieved 30 May 2015.

[7] 7. "Microsoft Word - SECTION 6 BIODEGRADABILITY OF PACKAGING WASTE.doc" (PDF). Www3.imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-02.

[8] 8. "Compostable.info". Compostable.info. Retrieved 2014-03-02.

[9] 9. http://greenplastics.com/wiki/EN_13432

[10] 10. M. Breulmann et al. "Polymers, Biodegradable" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2012 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.n21_n01

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?????? ? ???????	???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???? Biodegradable bag ????????? ????? Bag-in-box ???? ???? Bulk box ????? (???) ???? ????????? ????????? ???? Corrugated box design ????? Crate Drum (container) ???? ???? Flexible intermediate bulk container ??? ?????????? Folding carton Insulated shipping container Intermediate bulk container ???? (???) ???? ????? Keg Multi-pack ???? ???????? ???? ???????? Pail (container) Popcorn bag Retort pouch ???? Self-heating can Self-heating food packaging Shipping container Skin pack Spray bottle ???? (?????????) ???? (?????????) Unit load Wooden box ????
???? ? ????	??? ??? ?????????? BoPET Bubble wrap ?????? Closure (container) ??? ????? Cushioning ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? Foam peanut Hot-melt adhesive ????? Linear low-density polyethylene Liquid packaging board Low-density polyethylene ???? ??????? Modified atmosphere Molded pulp ??????? ??????? Overwrap Oxygen absorber Packaging gas ????? ???? Paper pallet ???? PET film (biaxially oriented) ????? ??? ? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? Screw cap ???? ????? Shock data logger Slip sheet ???? ?????? Security printing Strapping Stretch wrap Susceptor Temperature data logger Time temperature indicator ????????? ???? Velostat
????????	Aseptic processing ?????????? Automatic identification and data capture Blow fill seal ????????? ???? Calendering Containerization Curtain Coating Die cutting (web) Electronic article surveillance ???????? Extrusion coating ??? ?????? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? Track and trace ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? Verification and validation
??????	Barcode printer ????????? Bottling line Cartoning machine Check weigher ??????? Extended Core Stretch Wrapper Filler (packaging) ???? ?????? Heat sealer ????? ????? Injection molding machine Logistics automation Material handling equipment Mechanical Brake Stretch Wrapper Multihead weigher Orbital Stretch Wrapping Palletizer Rotary wheel blow molding systems Shrink tunnel Staple gun ?????? Vertical form fill sealing machine Turntable Stretch Wrapper
??????? ?????	???????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? Source reduction ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????