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akkadu
Akkadian language inscription on the obelisk of Manishtushu
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???? c. 2500 ? 600 BC; academic or liturgical use until AD 100
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initially ??? (central ??????????? ); ???? ?????? of the ????????? ? ??? in the late ??? ???? and early ??? ??? s.
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???? ????? akk
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???????? akka1240 [?]
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???? ?????? (?? ????: li??num akkad?tum) ?? ???? ???? (?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????-?????? ) ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? [?] ?? ????????? (???????????) ??? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????.

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??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????.

?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.

???? '????? ?? ' ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ????? (??????? ???? ?????? ?????) ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ?????? (???? ????? ??) ???? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ? ?????? (???? ????? ??) ? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???. [?]

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?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????. ??????? ???? ? ????? *? ? *? (??? ? ???) ? ????? *h (?)? *? (?)? ? *?(?) ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? e ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???. ?????? ? ? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????????:

b p d t ? ? z s ? l g k q ? m n r w y.
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??????? ??? [b] [p] [m] [v]
??????? ?????? [d] [t] [t?] [n] [r] [l]
????? [z] [s], [?] [s?]
????? [j]
???? [g] [k] [k?]
????? ????? [χ]

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a, e, i, u, ?, ?, ?, ?

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  1. ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Akkadian" . Glottolog 2.2 . Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |display-editors=4 ( help )
  2. ↑ ??? ??? ?????? ???? ( ???? ). ????? ???? ????? (???? ???? ? ?????? ?????) . ???????? ??????? ???? ???. ??.  ?? . ????   ????????????? .
  • Bussmann, Hadumod (1996). Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics . New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-20319-8
  • Caplice, Richard (1980). Introduction to Akkadian . Rome: Biblical Institute Press. (1983: ISBN 88-7653-440-7 ; 1988, 2002: ISBN 88-7653-566-7 )
  • Huehnergard, John (2005). A Grammar of Akkadian (Second Edition) . Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1-57506-922-9
  • Marcus, David (1978). A Manual of Akkadian . University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-0608-9
  • Mercer, Samuel A B (1961). Introductory Assyrian Grammar . New York: F Ungar. ISBN 0-486-42815-X
  • Wolfram von Soden (1952). Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik . Analecta Orientalia 33. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. (3rd ed. : ISBN 88-7653-258-7 )

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