| ?????????
|
| ???
|
???????
|
???-?????
|
????????
|
???? ????
|
???? ????
|
| p
|
b
|
p
|
?
|
? (?)
|
??
???
|
| p?
|
p
|
p'
|
?
|
滂
|
p
an
|
| m
|
m
|
?
|
明
|
??
???
|
| f
|
f
|
?
|
非
|
??
?????
|
| t
|
d
|
t
|
?
|
端
|
??
????
|
| t?
|
t
|
t'
|
?
|
透
|
t
op
|
| n
|
n-
|
?
|
泥
|
??
??
|
| -n
|
?, ?
|
金, 尖
|
| l
|
l
|
?
|
來 (?)
|
??
??
|
| k
|
g
|
k
|
?
|
干
|
??
???????
|
| k?
|
k
|
k'
|
?
|
口
|
k
in
|
| ŋ
|
-ng
|
?, ?
|
井, 江
|
so
ng
|
| x
|
h
|
?
|
火
|
??
????
|
| t?
|
j
|
ch
|
?
|
叫
|
like i
tch
y, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (
palatalized
).
[???]
|
| t??
|
q
|
ch'
|
?
|
去
|
like
ch
eap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (
palatalized
).
[???]
|
| ?
|
x
|
hs
|
?
|
曉 (?)
|
like
sh
eep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (
palatalized
).
[???]
|
| ??
|
zh
|
ch
|
?
|
之
|
roughly like
j
aw, with a flat tongue (
retroflex
).
|
| ???
|
ch
|
ch'
|
?
|
吃
|
like
ch
urch, with a flat tongue (
retroflex
).
|
| ?
|
sh
|
?
|
矢
|
like
sh
ow, with a flat tongue (
retroflex
).
|
| ?
[?]
|
r-
|
j
|
?
|
日
|
like
r
ed, with a flat tongue (
retroflex
).
|
| ts
|
z
|
ts
|
?
|
子
|
roughly like bu
ds
|
| ts?
|
c
|
ts'
|
?
|
此
|
???????:ca
ts h
issing
|
| s
|
s
|
?
|
私
|
??
??
|
| ???????????
|
| j
|
y-/-i-
|
?
|
牙
|
??
??
|
| w
|
w-/-u-
|
?
|
我
|
???
?
??
|
| ?
|
yu-/-u-
[?]
|
yu-/-u-
|
?
|
月
|
???????:
n
u
it
|
| ?????????? ?????
|
| ??
|
zh
i
, ch
i
, sh
i
, r
i
|
ih
|
?
[?]
|
之, 吃, 師 (?), 日
|
??????? ???? glass
e
s
[?]
|
| ??
|
z
i
, c
i
, s
i
|
u
|
子, 次, 私
|
|
| ???????
|
| ???
|
???????
|
???-?????
|
????????
|
???? ????
|
???? ????
|
| a
|
a
|
?, ?, ?
|
阿, 安, ?
|
f
a
ther
|
| e
r
|
e
rh
|
?
|
二
|
| ?
|
y
a
n/-i
a
n
|
y
e
n/-i
e
n
|
??
|
言
|
Varies between
[e]
and
[a]
|
| yu
a
n/-u
a
n
|
??
|
元
|
| e
|
y
e
/-i
e
, yu
e
/-u
e
|
eh
|
?
|
也, 月
|
????
?
|
| ?
|
e
n,
[?]
e
ng
|
e
n,
e
ng
|
?, ?
|
本, 冷
|
a
bout
|
| ?
|
e
|
e / o
[?]
|
?
|
厄
|
| o
|
w
o
/-u
o
[?]
|
o
[?]
|
?
|
末
|
??
?
|
| i
|
yi/-i
|
?
|
一
|
????
??
?
|
| ?
|
-
o
ng
|
-
u
ng
|
??, ??
|
冬, 用
|
Varies between
[o]
and
[u]
|
| u
|
wu/-u
|
?
|
土
|
??
?
?
|
| y
|
yu/-u
[?]
|
yu/-u
|
?
|
雨
|
??????:
u
? ???????:
t
u
|
| ???????? ????
|
| ai
|
ai
|
?
|
艾
|
t
i
me
|
| au
|
ao
|
?
|
凹
|
ou
t
|
| ei
|
ei
[?]
|
?
|
杯
|
f
a
ce
|
| ou
|
ou
[?]
|
?
|
歐 (?)
|
sh
ow
|
| ???? ?-????
|
| ?
|
er
|
erh
|
?
|
二
|
s
ir
(??????? ????????)
[?]
|
| ??????
|
| ???
|
???????
|
???-?????
|
????????
|
???? ????
|
????? ???
|
?????
|
| a
|
?
|
a
1
|
?
|
巴
|
55
|
tone 1: high:
?
|
| ?
|
a
|
a
2
|
?
?
|
拔
|
35
|
tone 2: mid rising:
??
|
| a
|
?
|
a
3
|
?
ˇ
|
把
|
21, 11, 13, 214
|
tone 3:
medially, low:
?
initially, mid falling:
??
finally, low rising:
??
in isolation, dipping:
???
|
| a
|
a
|
a
4
|
?
?
|
?
|
51
|
tone 4: high falling:
??
|
| a
|
a
|
a
0
|
˙
?
|
?
|
-
|
"toneless":
low after the high falling tone
??
;
mid after other tones
|
| Note:
Pinyin uses the same diacritics as IPA but with different values.
|
|