???????? ???????

?????????? ???????? ??????? (?? ??????? : Recombinant DNA, rDNA ) ???? ??????? ???????? ????? (????? ??????????? ???????) ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? DNA ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? DNA? ??????? ???? ??????. ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. DNA? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? DNA ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?? ?????? DNA? ??????? DNA? ?????? (Chimeric DNA) ?? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ^[?]

?? ???????? DNA? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? DNA? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ???? DNA? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? DNA? ?????? ???? ???. ?? DNA? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? DNA? ???? ????? ???? ???. ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? DNA ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???. ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? DNA? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????. ????? ?? DNA? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????. ^[?] ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????.

????? DNA? ??????? [ ?????? ]

??????????? ??????? (Molecular cloning)? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ?? DNA? ??????? ????? ?????? ^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?] ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? PCR ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? DNA? ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ??????????? ??????? ????? DNA ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? PCR? ????? DNA ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? PCR ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ????? ??????.

???? ???? DNA? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? (cloning vector) ???? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? DNA ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???. ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?? DNA ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? DNA??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? DNA? ??????? ? ?? ???? ???? ???? DNA? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? DNA?? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???? ? ?????? ???? DNA? ????? ????? ????. ^[?]

?? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? DNA ??????? ? ????? ???:

?????? ?????? (????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ) ? ????? ?????? ????
?????????? ?????
?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????
????? DNA? ???????
???? ???? DNA? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
?????? ????????? ?? DNA? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?
?????? ??????? (?????????) ?? ?? ???? DNA? ???? ???(DNA inserts) ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[?]

????????? ??????? ?? DNA? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? [ ?????? ]

?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? DNA? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? DNA? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? DNA ???. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????(PCR) ????? ??????.

????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

????? DNA? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? DNA ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????.

??????? ????? ??????? ?? DNA? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????. ^[?]

??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ??? (factor VIII)? ????? ?????? B ? ???? ?????(Golden rice)? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ? … ??? ??????. ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????-???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ^[??]. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? H9N2 ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? DNA? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ^[??]^[??]^[??].

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

↑ Gavanji, Shahin; Doostmohammadi, Mohsen (2014-01-01). "An Introduction to Recombinant Proteins-A Review" . SMU Medical Journal (?? ???????). 1 (1): 1?11. ISSN 2349-1604 .
↑ 1- Rosano, German L. ; Ceccarelli, Eduardo A. (2014-04-17). "Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: advances and challenges". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 4029002. PMID 24860555 . doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00172.
↑ 5- Watson, James D. (2007). Recombinant DNA: Genes and Genomes: A Short Course. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-2866-4 .
↑ 4- Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. ; Stryer, Lubert (2010). Biochemistry, 7th ed. (Biochemistry (Berg)). W.H. Freeman & Company. ISBN 1-4292-2936-5 . Fifth edition available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: link
↑ 3- Peter Walter; Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander S. ; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin C. ; Roberts, Keith (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell (5th edition, Extended version). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-4111-3 .. Fourth edition is available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: link
↑ 2- Campbell, Neil A. & Reece, Jane B.. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). San Francisco: Addison Wesley. pp. 375?401. ISBN 0-201-75054-6 .
↑ 6- Brown, Terry (2006). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: an Introduction. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 1-4051-1121-6 .
↑ Watson, James D. (2007). Recombinant DNA: Genes and Genomes: A Short Course. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-2866-4 .
↑ 6- Brown, Terry (2006). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: an Introduction. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 1-4051-1121-6
↑ Swayne, David E.; Avellaneda, Gloria; Mickle, Thomas R.; Pritchard, Nikki; Cruz, Julio; Bublot, Michel (2007-09). "Improvements to the Hemagglutination Inhibition Test for Serological Assessment of Recombinant Fowlpox?H5-Avian-Influenza Vaccination in Chickens and Its Use Along with an Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test for Differentiating Infected from Noninfected Vaccinated Animals" . Avian Diseases . 51 (3): 697?704. doi : 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[697:ITTHIT]2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0005-2086 . {{ cite journal }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help )
↑ dolat.ir https://dolat.ir/detail/422163 . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? . ??????? |?????= ?? |title= ??????? ?? ???? ( ??? )
↑ www.irna.ir https://www.irna.ir/news/85240386/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86 . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? . ??????? |?????= ?? |title= ??????? ?? ???? ( ??? )
↑ ????? ( ????-??-?? ). ≪???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? H9N2 ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ????≫ . ??????? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

?????????????? ?????????. ≪ Recombinant DNA ≫. ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ????.

[1] Gavanji, Shahin; Doostmohammadi, Mohsen (2014-01-01). "An Introduction to Recombinant Proteins-A Review" . SMU Medical Journal (?? ???????). 1 (1): 1?11. ISSN 2349-1604 .

[2] 1- Rosano, German L. ; Ceccarelli, Eduardo A. (2014-04-17). "Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: advances and challenges". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 4029002. PMID 24860555 . doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00172.

[3] 5- Watson, James D. (2007). Recombinant DNA: Genes and Genomes: A Short Course. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-2866-4 .

[4] 4- Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. ; Stryer, Lubert (2010). Biochemistry, 7th ed. (Biochemistry (Berg)). W.H. Freeman & Company. ISBN 1-4292-2936-5 . Fifth edition available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: link

[5] 3- Peter Walter; Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander S. ; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin C. ; Roberts, Keith (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell (5th edition, Extended version). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-4111-3 .. Fourth edition is available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: link

[6] 2- Campbell, Neil A. & Reece, Jane B.. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). San Francisco: Addison Wesley. pp. 375?401. ISBN 0-201-75054-6 .

[7] 6- Brown, Terry (2006). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: an Introduction. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 1-4051-1121-6 .

[8] Watson, James D. (2007). Recombinant DNA: Genes and Genomes: A Short Course. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-2866-4 .

[9] 6- Brown, Terry (2006). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: an Introduction. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 1-4051-1121-6

[10] Swayne, David E.; Avellaneda, Gloria; Mickle, Thomas R.; Pritchard, Nikki; Cruz, Julio; Bublot, Michel (2007-09). "Improvements to the Hemagglutination Inhibition Test for Serological Assessment of Recombinant Fowlpox?H5-Avian-Influenza Vaccination in Chickens and Its Use Along with an Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test for Differentiating Infected from Noninfected Vaccinated Animals" . Avian Diseases . 51 (3): 697?704. doi : 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[697:ITTHIT]2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0005-2086 . {{ cite journal }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help )

[11] dolat.ir https://dolat.ir/detail/422163 . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? . ??????? |?????= ?? |title= ??????? ?? ???? ( ??? )

[12] www.irna.ir https://www.irna.ir/news/85240386/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86 . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? . ??????? |?????= ?? |title= ??????? ?? ???? ( ??? )

[13] ????? ( ????-??-?? ). ≪???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? H9N2 ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ????≫ . ??????? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

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