???? ??????? ????

???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ( ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???) ????? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????. ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ???. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????.

???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? (???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???). ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??: ??? ? ??? ? ???? ? ????? ? ??? ? ????? ? ????? ? ???? ? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ? ??? .

?????? ????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (?????????? ????) ???? ^[?] ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? (? ??? ????? )? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? (??? ?????? ????) ??? ???? ???. ^{[nb ?]} ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? (?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????) ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????.

????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ? ????? ?????? (????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ? ????? ???? ) ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ????? ≪?????≫ ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??. ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ^[?]

?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? (? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????) ???????? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????. ^[?] ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? (n) ??? ???? ???? ??? ???.

?????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

?? ????????????? ??????? ( solar calendar )? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? (???? ??????? ????) ???. ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????.

?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????.

??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ? ? ???? ? ??????? ? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ( sidereal year ) ???????? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ( orbital period )??? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???.

???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? (sidereal year) ?? ??? ??????? ( tropical year ) ?????? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? (????? ????) ?????? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???. ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???

????????? ??????? ??????? (tropical solar calendar) ?? ??? ??? ??? ( ??? ??????? ) ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ( ??? ??????? ) ?? ( ??? ??????? ) ??? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ? ???? ? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ??? ^[?] ?? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? (??? ??? ??? ? ? ????) ???? ???.

???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? (?? ?? ??? ?????) ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ???. ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? (????? ??? ????) ??? ???? ????? ??????.

???? ????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ≪???????? ????????????≫ (????)

???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????. ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????.

??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? [ ?????? ]

????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???. ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????.

??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???. ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????.

?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? (??? ???????). ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???.

????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? [ ?????? ]

?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? (??? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???) ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???.

$V_{a}\times r_{a}=V_{c}\times r_{c}$

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

???? ???? ????

????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ???????

↑ "Deep simplicity: bringing order to chaos and complexity" (?? ???????).
↑ "Sun: Facts & Figures" . Solar System Exploration . National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015 . Retrieved July 29, 2015 .
↑ "Deep simplicity: bringing order to chaos and complexity" (?? ???????).
↑ "Earth-Venus smash-up possible" (?? ???????). ?? ???? ????. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2023 .
↑ ≪Tropical year≫ . ????????? ??????? .

↑ Our planet takes about 365 days to orbit the Sun. A full orbit has 360 degrees. That fact demonstrates that each day, the Earth travels roughly 1 degree in its orbit. Thus, the Sun will appear to move across the sky from east to west relative to the stars by that same amount.

??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???. ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????.

[1] "Deep simplicity: bringing order to chaos and complexity" (?? ???????).

[2] "Sun: Facts & Figures" . Solar System Exploration . National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015 . Retrieved July 29, 2015 .

[4] "Deep simplicity: bringing order to chaos and complexity" (?? ???????).

[5] "Earth-Venus smash-up possible" (?? ???????). ?? ???? ????. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2023 .

[6] ≪Tropical year≫ . ????????? ??????? .

[3] Our planet takes about 365 days to orbit the Sun. A full orbit has 360 degrees. That fact demonstrates that each day, the Earth travels roughly 1 degree in its orbit. Thus, the Sun will appear to move across the sky from east to west relative to the stars by that same amount.

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