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??? ??? ( ??????? : Jim Gray ; ?? ??????? ???? ^[?] ? ?? ??????? ????) ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???.

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??? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???. ??????? ?? ?? ? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????. ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????.

?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ≪???????≫ ????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? B.S. ?? ??????? ?????? (????? ? ????) ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???. ^[?]

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↑ ^??? ^??? "DeWitt Undergraduate CS Scholarship: Dr. James Gray" . University of Wisconsin?Madison . Archived from the original on 23 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010-01-18 . ???? ??????: ????? <ref> ???????? ??? ≪wisc≫ ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
↑ ^??? ^??? Oral History Interview with Jim Gray ([purl.umn.edu/107339 Synopsis] at Charles Babbage Institute , ??????? ????????? . 3 January 2002. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
↑ . doi : 10.1145/602382.602401 . {{ cite journal }}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help ) ; Text "noedit" ignored ( help ) Jim Gray Turing Award lecture
↑ ≪Jim Gray - A.M. Turing Award Laureate≫ . amturing.acm.org . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
↑ ≪Biography of Dr. Jim Gray≫ . web.archive.org . ????-??-?? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

?????????????? ?????????. ≪ Jim Gray (computer scientist) ≫. ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ????.
≪Jim Gray≫ . ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? . ^{^{[
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??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???. ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????.

[wisc-1] ??? ^??? "DeWitt Undergraduate CS Scholarship: Dr. James Gray" . University of Wisconsin?Madison . Archived from the original on 23 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010-01-18 . ???? ??????: ????? <ref> ???????? ??? ≪wisc≫ ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).

[oralhist-2] ??? ^??? Oral History Interview with Jim Gray ([purl.umn.edu/107339 Synopsis] at Charles Babbage Institute , ??????? ????????? . 3 January 2002. Retrieved 2010-01-19.

[turing-3] . doi : 10.1145/602382.602401 . {{ cite journal }}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help ) ; Text "noedit" ignored ( help ) Jim Gray Turing Award lecture

[4] ≪Jim Gray - A.M. Turing Award Laureate≫ . amturing.acm.org . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

[5] ≪Biography of Dr. Jim Gray≫ . web.archive.org . ????-??-?? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

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