?? ?????????? ????????? ????
????? ????????
(??
???????
:
Boltzmann distribution
) ?? ??????? ? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???. ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???
????? ??????-????????
???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????.
????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????
N
i
/
N
?? ????? ?????
i
?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????
E
i
????? ?? ???? ??? ???:
![{\displaystyle {{N_{i}} \over {N}}={{g_{i}e^{-E_{i}/(k_{B}T)}} \over {Z(T)}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bfe4c533a3e175b45310d30b4f91f0c842be3ce7)
??
???? ????????
?
T
????
????? ????? ????? ?????
?
N
????? ?? ???? ???:
![{\displaystyle N=\sum _{i}N_{i}\,}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7db3319c77831a6d791e40172bd954fbbeece5e2)
?
Z
(
T
)
???? ????
?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????:
![{\displaystyle Z(T)=\sum _{i}g_{i}e^{-E_{i}/(k_{B}T)}.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc6037768ba3e1d59af04ea5243d4a3ea48bda21)
???????? ??????
[
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]