한국   대만   중국   일본 
?????????? ? ????? ????? - ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????

?????????? ? ????? ?????

?? ?????????? ????????? ????
??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????.
???? ???

????? ??????
??????? ?????? (???)

???? ?? (???)
????????

??? (???) . (?????)

????? (???)
??????????? (????????????)

????? (???????) (???)
????? ????? (???)

?????? ????? (???) . (?????)
??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????

?????????? ????? (?? ??????? : Climate variability ) ?? ?????????? ????? ? [?] ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? [?] (?? ??????? : climate change ) ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ???? ???? ??? ??????. [?]

?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???. [?] [?] ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ? ???? ??????. [?] ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????. [?] ??????? ?? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ???????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????. [?] ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????. [?] [??] ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ? ????? ??????. [??] ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. [??] ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ???? . [??]

??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ≪??????? ?????≫ ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? UNFCCC ???? ??????? ???? ????. [??] ????????? UNFCCC ?????? ≪??????? ??????≫ ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????.

???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????

?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????. ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? x ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. [??]

??????? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ??? ? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????. [??] ?????? ????? ?????? (WHO) ??????? ?? ? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ???????. [??] ????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. [??] ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ??????. [??] ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. [??] [??] ?? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????. [??] ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????: ?? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ???????? . ??????????? ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. [??]

????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. [??]

????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????? (??? ???? ????????) ????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???. [??] ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????? (??? ???? ????????) ????? ????. [??] ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????. [??] ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???. ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ? ??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ???. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????? ???. [??] [??] ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? . [??]

?????????? [ ?????? ]

??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. [??]

?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ??. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? [??] ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????. [??] ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? [??] ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ??????? ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. [??] ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ≪?????? ?????≫ ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???. ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ? ????? ?????? ?????????. [??] ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???. [??] ?????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. [??]

???? ?? ? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????.

?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? (????)

?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ≪??????? ??? ????≫ ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????. [??] ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ????????. [??]

?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ??? [ ?????? ]

?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. [??] ?? ?? ?????? ≪???? ?????? ?????≫ ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? (PDO) [??] [??] ? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? (AMO) ???. [??] ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? (?????????) [??] ????? ???. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? [??] ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????. [??] ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????. [??]

????? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????. [??] [??] ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????. [??] ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. [??]

????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????. [??] ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????. [??] ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????. [??] [??] ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????.

?????? ????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? . [??] ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????. [??] ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???. [??] ??? ???????? ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????. [??]

????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? [ ?????? ]

??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???. [??] ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???. [??]

????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???. [??] [??] ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????-????? ???? ?????? ??? ???. [??] ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ? ??? ??????? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????. [??]

??? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???. ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????. [??] ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????. [??]

??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? [ ?????? ]

????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ?????.

????? ?? ? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? (????? ????? ?? ????-????? )? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????. [??] ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ?????. [??] ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????. [??]

????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ≪ ??? ????? ≫ ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?????? ???????. [??] ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????. [??] ?? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????. [??]

????? ??????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????????. ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? (????) ????? ? ?????? ( ????? ) ??? ????????? ????????. [??] [??]

??????? ???? ????? ???? [ ?????? ]

??????? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ???. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????. ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????. [??]

??????? [ ?????? ]

???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????

???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? (????? ???? ????? ???????) ? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????. (???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???| ????? ???? ???)

???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? | ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ? m??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??. ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????. [??]

??????????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????

??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????/ ??? ???? ???. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ENSO| ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???. ?? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????.

????? (??????) ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????.

????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ? ????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ????????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????

??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????.

?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ppm ?? ???? ?? ??? ppm ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? (???? ????? ? ?????? ????) ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????- ?????| ????? ??????? - ?????? ????? ?????? ?????- ???????| ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? (?????????).

?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. [??]

??????? (???? ?????) ??????? [ ?????? ]

?? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? (???????) ??????? ????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????.

????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??????????? ???????

??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ? ???? ???? ???????. ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????.

?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????????.

??????? ????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? (????)? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? (???? ????).

????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????????. ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???. ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????????.

????? ??????? ???? ??????

??????? ?????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????????. ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? CO? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? | ????????? (???? ???? ?? ??) ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? (?? ?????) ??????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????.

??????? ????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.

?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? CO? ?? ?????? ppm ???~ ?? ??? ??ppm ??? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ppm ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????. ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? c ° ?/???/? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???. (???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????)

?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????.

??????????? ?? ???? [ ?????? ]

??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? (??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????)? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? / ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???.

????? ?????? ????? [ ?????? ]

??? ?? ???? ??? (????? ????? ???????) ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? (??) ????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????| ???? ? ??????? ????| ???? ????????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ???: ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ??????? ???????: ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.

???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ???????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (????) ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????- ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.

???? ?? ? ????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? (?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ) ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???.

?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???. ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? (?????) ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???. ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???. ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??????.

????? ???? ??????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ? ????? (????) ???.

????? ???? ?????? [ ?????? ]

???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????. ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????.

?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???.

??? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????.

?????????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????? (?????) ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? (???? ????) ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????. ???????? ??? ?? ??? IPCC ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????.

????? (??? ???) ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? (????? ≪???????????? ???≫ ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????) ? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? (?????) ???????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????.

?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????????. ???? ??????- ??????????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????.

??????? ?????? ? ?????? [ ?????? ]

???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????| ??????????? ? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????| ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????. ( ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? )

??????? [ ?????? ]

??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ??????? ?? ? ????? ???. [??]

???????? ????? [ ?????? ]

????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?????. [??] [??] [??] [??] ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????. [??]

?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ?? "???? ?? ? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ?? ? ????? ??????…" [??] [??]

?? ??? 1859 [??] ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????. [??]

?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? CO2 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???. [??] ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????. [??] ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ?????? ??? CO2 ????? ???? [??] ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??. [??]

????? ?? ????? ???? [ ?????? ]

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

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? [??] [???] ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? . [???] ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? [???] ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ??? ? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ ???? ????? ?????? ???? ( ???? ). ????? ???? ???? ???? . ????? ????? . ????   ???-???-???-???-? .
  2. ↑ ≪ ????? ????? ≫ [ ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ] ??????? ≪ Climate change ≫? ????: ???? ?????????? . ???? ????????? ????????. ???? ??? . ????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ????? : ???????? ????????? ???? ? ??? ????? . ????   ???-???-????-??-?  (??? ??????? ????? ????? )
  3. ↑ America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council (2010). Advancing the Science of Climate Change . Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. ISBN   978-0-309-14588-6 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. (p1) … there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. (pp. 21?22) Some scientific conclusions or theories have been so thoroughly examined and tested, and supported by so many independent observations and results, that their likelihood of subsequently being found to be wrong is vanishingly small. Such conclusions and theories are then regarded as settled facts. This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.
  4. ↑ ( IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 )
  5. ↑ Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Perry, Simon (19 October 2021). "Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature" . Environmental Research Letters . 16 (11): 114005. Bibcode : 2021ERL....16k4005L . doi : 10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966 .
  6. ↑ ( Our World in Data, 18 September 2020 )
  7. ↑ YoosefDoost, Arash; YoosefDoost, Icen; Asghari, Hossein; Sadeghian, Mohammad Sadegh (2018-03-09). "Comparison of HadCM3, CSIRO Mk3 and GFDL CM2.1 in Prediction the Climate Change in Taleghan River Basin" . American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture (?? ???????). 6 (3): 93?100. doi : 10.12691/ajcea-6-3-1 . ISSN   2328-398X .
  8. ↑ ( IPCC SRCCL 2019 ); ( IPCC SRCCL 2019 )
  9. ↑ The Guardian . Melting Antarctic ice predicted to cause rapid slowdown of deep ocean current by 2050 . Retrieved on 11 Oct. 2023.
  10. ↑ ( IPCC SROCC 2019 )
  11. ↑ ( IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch11 2021 )
  12. ↑ EPA (19 January 2017). "Climate Impacts on Ecosystems" . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 February 2019 . Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change... As ocean temperatures warm and the acidity of the ocean increases, bleaching and coral die-offs are likely to become more frequent.
  13. ↑ ( IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 )
  14. ↑ ≪United Nations Climate Change conference≫ .
  15. ↑ ≪Climate change on the planet≫ .
  16. ↑ ( Cattaneo ? ?????? 2019 ); ( IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 )
  17. ↑ ( IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 ); ( WHO, Nov 2015 ): "Climate change is the greatest threat to global health in the 21st century. Health professionals have a duty of care to current and future generations. You are on the front line in protecting people from climate impacts ? from more heat-waves and other extreme weather events; from outbreaks of infectious diseases such as malaria, dengue and cholera; from the effects of malnutrition; as well as treating people who are affected by cancer, respiratory, cardiovascular and other non-communicable diseases caused by environmental pollution."
  18. ↑ ( IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 )
  19. ↑ ( IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 );( IPCC AR6 SYR SPM 2023 ): "Effectiveness15 of adaptation in reducing climate risks16 is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions (high confidence)...Soft limits to adaptation are currently being experienced by small-scale farmers and households along some low-lying coastal areas (medium confidence) resulting from financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints (high confidence). Some tropical, coastal, polar and mountain ecosystems have reached hard adaptation limits (high confidence). Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits (high confidence)."
  20. ↑ Tietjen, Bethany (2 November 2022). "Loss and damage: Who is responsible when climate change harms the world's poorest countries?" . The Conversation . Retrieved 30 August 2023 .
  21. ↑ "Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability" . IPCC . 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 30 August 2023 .
  22. ↑ YoosefDoost, Arash; Asghari, Hossein; Abunuri, Reza; Sadeghian, Mohammad Sadegh (2018-03-09). "Comparison of CGCM3, CSIRO MK3 and HADCM3 Models in Estimating the Effects of Climate Change on Temperature and Precipitation in Taleghan Basin" . American Journal of Environmental Protection (?? ???????). 6 (1): 28?34. doi : 10.12691/env-6-1-5 . ISSN   2328-7241 .
  23. ↑ YoosefDoost, Arash; Sadegh Sadeghian, Mohammad; Ali Node Farahani, Mohammad; Rasekhi, Ana (2017-09-03). "Comparison between Performance of Statistical and Low Cost ARIMA Model with GFDL, CM2.1 and CGM 3 Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models in Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change on Temperature and Precipitation in Taleghan Basin" . American Journal of Water Resources . 5 (4): 92?99. doi : 10.12691/ajwr-5-4-1 . ISSN   2333-4797 .
  24. ↑ ( IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 )
  25. ↑ ( IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021 )
  26. ↑ ( United Nations Environment Programme 2021 )
  27. ↑ ( IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 ); ( IPCC SR15 2018 ); ( Rogelj ? ?????? ); ( Hilaire et al. 2019 )
  28. ↑ ( United Nations Environment Programme 2019 ); ( Teske, ed. 2019 ).
  29. ↑ ( United Nations Environment Programme 2019 ); ( NREL 2017 )
  30. ↑ ( IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers 2019 )
  31. ↑ ( NASA, 5 December 2008 ).
  32. ↑ ( NASA, 7 July 2020 ); ( Shaftel 2016 ): "   'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.  ... Global warming refers to the upward temperature trend across the entire Earth since the early 20th century ... Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming."; ( Associated Press, 22 September 2015 ): "The terms global warming and climate change can be used interchangeably. Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
  33. ↑ ( NASA, 5 December 2008 ).
  34. ↑ Broeker, Wallace S. (8 August 1975). "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?" . Science . 189 (4201): 460?463. Bibcode : 1975Sci...189..460B . doi : 10.1126/science.189.4201.460 . JSTOR   1740491 . PMID   17781884 .
  35. ↑ ( Weart "The Public and Climate Change: The Summer of 1988" ), "News reporters gave only a little attention ..." .
  36. ↑ ( Joo ? ?????? 2015 ).
  37. ↑ ( IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014 ): "Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. , by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."
  38. ↑ ( Hodder ? Martin 2009 ); ( BBC Science Focus Magazine, 3 February 2020 )
  39. ↑ "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" . 21 March 1994. Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
  40. ↑ "What's in a Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change" . NASA. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 .
  41. ↑ ( EPA 2016 )
  42. ↑ Xie, Shang-Ping; Kosaka, Yu (June 2017). "What Caused the Global Surface Warming Hiatus of 1998?2013?" . Current Climate Change Reports (?? ???????). 3 (2): 128?140. doi : 10.1007/s40641-017-0063-0 . ISSN   2198-6061 . Retrieved 20 September 2023 .
  43. ↑ Seip, Knut L.; Grøn, ø.; Wang, H. (31 August 2023). "Global lead-lag changes between climate variability series coincide with major phase shifts in the Pacific decadal oscillation" . Theoretical and Applied Climatology (?? ???????): 1?13. doi : 10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8 . ISSN   0177-798X . Retrieved 26 September 2023 .
  44. ↑ Yao, Shuai-Lei; Huang, Gang; Wu, Ren-Guang; Qu, Xia (January 2016). "The global warming hiatus?a natural product of interactions of a secular warming trend and a multi-decadal oscillation" . Theoretical and Applied Climatology (?? ???????). 123 (1?2): 349?360. Bibcode : 2016ThApC.123..349Y . doi : 10.1007/s00704-014-1358-x . ISSN   0177-798X . Retrieved 20 September 2023 .
  45. ↑ ( Earth System Science Data 2023 )}
  46. ↑ ( IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 ).
  47. ↑ WMO 2021 , p. 6.
  48. ↑ ( IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch2 2013 ).
  49. ↑ ( Kennedy ? ?????? 2010 ). Figure 2.5.
  50. ↑ Loeb et al. 2021 .
  51. ↑ ( IPCC AR4 WG2 Ch1 2007 )
  52. ↑ "Global Warming" . NASA JPL . 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2020 . Satellite measurements show warming in the troposphere but cooling in the stratosphere. This vertical pattern is consistent with global warming due to increasing greenhouse gases but inconsistent with warming from natural causes.
  53. ↑ ( IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers 2019 )
  54. ↑ ( Sutton? Dong ? Gregory 2007 ).
  55. ↑ "Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content" . NOAA . 2018. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019 . Retrieved 20 February 2019 .
  56. ↑ ( IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch3 2013 ): " Ocean warming dominates the global energy change inventory. Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.
  57. ↑ ( NOAA, 10 July 2011 ).
  58. ↑ ( United States Environmental Protection Agency 2016 )
  59. ↑ ( IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12 2013 ); ( IPCC SROCC Ch3 2019 ).
  60. ↑ ( NASA, 12 September 2018 ).
  61. ↑ ( Neukom ? ?????? 2019b ).
  62. ↑ "Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change" . NASA . Retrieved 23 February 2020 .
  63. ↑ Michon, Scott. "What's the hottest the Earth's ever been?" . SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION . Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
  64. ↑ Michon, Scott. "What's the coldest the Earth's ever been?" . SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION . Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
  65. ↑ ( IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch5 2013 )
  66. ↑ ( IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch5 2013 ); ( Neukom ? ?????? 2019a )
  67. ↑ ( IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 ); ( Hawkins ? ?????? 2017 )
  68. ↑ ( IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013 )
  69. ↑ ( Delworth ? Zeng 2012 ); ( Franzke ? ?????? 2020 )
  70. ↑ ( National Research Council 2012 )
  71. ↑ ( IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10 2013 ).
  72. ↑ ( Knutson 2017 ); ( IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10 2013 )
  73. ↑ ( USGCRP 2009 ).
  74. ↑ ( IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013 )
  75. ↑ ≪The Causes of Climate Change≫ .
  76. ↑ ≪Causes of Climate Change≫ .
  77. ↑ ≪How Earth's Climate Changes Naturally≫ .
  78. ↑ ≪Ice Caps and Sea Levels as an Indicator of Global Climate Change≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? .
  79. ↑ ≪Causes of climate change≫ .
  80. ↑ "Coal Consumption Affecting Climate" . Rodney and Otamatea Times, Waitemata and Kaipara Gazette . Warkworth, New Zealand. 14 August 1912. p. 7. Text was earlier published in Popular Mechanics , March 1912, p. 341.
  81. ↑ {{ cite book }} : Empty citation ( help )
  82. ↑ {{ cite book }} : Empty citation ( help )
  83. ↑ {{ cite book }} : Empty citation ( help )
  84. ↑ {{ cite book }} : Empty citation ( help )
  85. ↑ ( Archer ? Pierrehumbert 2013 )
  86. ↑ Foote, Eunice (November 1856). "Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays" . The American Journal of Science and Arts . 22 : 382?383 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 – via Google Books .
  87. ↑ ( Huddleston 2019 )
  88. ↑ ( Tyndall 1861 ).
  89. ↑ ( Archer ? Pierrehumbert 2013 ); ( Fleming 2008 )
  90. ↑ ( Archer ? Pierrehumbert 2013 ); ( Fleming 2008 )
  91. ↑ ( Weart "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect" ); ( Fleming 2008 )
  92. ↑ ( Callendar 1938 ); ( Fleming 2007 ).
  93. ↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? Weart The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  94. ↑ ( Weart "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect" ); ( Fleming 2008 )
  95. ↑ ( Weart "Suspicions of a Human-Caused Greenhouse (1956?1969)" )
  96. ↑ ( Weart "The Public and Climate Change: The Summer of 1988" ), "News reporters gave only a little attention ..." .
  97. ↑ ( Weart 2013 ).
  98. ↑ ( Royal Society 2005 ).
  99. ↑ Powell, James (20 November 2019). "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming" . Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society . 37 (4): 183?184. doi : 10.1177/0270467619886266 . Retrieved 15 November 2020 .
  100. ↑ Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z; Perry, Simon (2021). "Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature" . Environmental Research Letters . 16 (11): 114005. Bibcode : 2021ERL....16k4005L . doi : 10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966 . ISSN   1748-9326 .
  101. ↑ ( National Academies 2008 ); ( Oreskes 2007 ); ( Gleick, 7 January 2017 )
  102. ↑ Joint statement of the ( G8+5 Academies 2009 ); ( Gleick, 7 January 2017 ).

?????????? ???????

?? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ???.

???? ??????? ????? [ ?????? ]

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ?? ≪ https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????????_?_?????_?????&oldid=39512564 ≫