??????

?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? (?? ??????? : Transmission sans fil ) ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??????. ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????.

???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ≪??????? ?????≫ (Transmission en fil) ????? ??. ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????.

??????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ? ???? ? ? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????. ^[?] ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??. ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???. ^[?] ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??. ^[?] ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? S ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??. ^[?] ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???. ^[?] ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???. ^[?] ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ^[?] ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? SCORE ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??. ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???. ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??. ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????. ^[?] ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ????????. ^[?]

??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ^[?] ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ^[?] ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???. ^[?] ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????. ^[?] ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ^[?] ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? (???????) ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???. ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? VLSI ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? (CDMA) ????????. ^[?] ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????????. ^[?] ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? (???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????). ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????. ^[?]

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???? ?????? ????? [ ?????? ]

????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? (????? ???? ??? ???????) ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? (? ?? ?? ???? ???) ????? ????????. ^[?]

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??? ????	??????	???? ???????? ?????	????? ? ??? ??? ?? ???	????? ???????
????? ???? ?????	VLF	?	???? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ???????	???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
????? ?????	LF	?	?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ? ???????	?????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? AM, ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????
????? ?????	MF	?	???????? ???????? ? ??????? ? ??? ???	??? AM (??? ?????)? ????? ??????
????? ????	HF	?	???? ??????? ??? ??? ? ?? ???	??? ????? broadcasts, citizens' band radio , amateur radio and over-the-horizon aviation communications, ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????
????? ???? ????	VHF	?	?????? ??????? ?? ??? ? ? ???	FM , ???????? ? ??? ? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??????? ?? ???????. ???????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??????
????? ???????	UHF	?	???????? ??????? ? ??? ? ??? ???????	??? ?????? ????????? , ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? LANGPS ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? Land Mobile? ????? FRS ? GMRS? ????? ??????, ??????
????? ???????	SHF	??	???? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ?? ????????	????????? ?????? ? LAN ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ? ????? ??????
????? ??????? ????	EHF	??	?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ? ????????	??????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????-????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ?

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???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????: ^[?]

	???? ???? ?????? (WPAN)	???? ???? ?????? (WLAN)	???? ????????? ?????? (WMAN)	???? ?????? ?????? (WWAN)
??????	?????? ???? ??? ???? (UWB)	IEEE 802.11 B IEEE 802.11 E IEEE 802.11 G ?? ???-???	IEEE ?????? IEEE 802.16 E IEEE 802.16 E ?? ??????	GSM GPRS ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???G ???G
??? ????	??? ???? ????? ? ?? ? ?????? ?? ?????	??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????	??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????	??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????
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???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????. ^[?] ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????. ^[??] ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? IEEE ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????????. ^[?]

???? ????????? ? ?????? [ ?????? ]

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??? ???

??? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???. ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? (AMPS) ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???. ^[?]

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??? ???

?????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???. ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????: ^[?]

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???????? ????? [ ?????? ]

????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? $\alpha$ ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? (????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????) ? ??? ?? ????????? ( ???? ) ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????.

????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???. ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????????. ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???-??? ???? ????? ? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? (WEP) ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? WEP ?? ???? ????????. ^[??]

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

↑ ^??? ^??? Andrea Goldsmith ( ???? )? Wireless communications ? Cambridge University Press? ?. p? ? ? ???? ??????????
↑ ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? Ke-Lin Du, M. N. S. Swamy ( ???? )? Wireless Communication Systems: From RF Subsystems to 4G Enabling Technologies ? Cambridge University Press? ?. p? ?-? ? ???? ??????????
↑ ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? David Tse, Pramod Viswanath ( ???? )? Fundamentals of Wireless Communication ? Cambridge University Press? ?. pp? ?-? ? ???? ??????????
↑ ^??? ^??? ^??? Joshua S. Gans, Stephen P. King and Julian Wright ( ???? )? Handbook of Telecommunications Economics, Volume 2: Technology Evolution and the Internet, ch. 7 ? North Holland? ?. p? ???-??? ? ???? ??????????
↑ ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? David Tse, Pramod Viswanath ( ???? )? Fundamentals of Wireless Communication ? Cambridge University Press? ?. p? ? ? ???? ??????????
↑ ^??? ^??? ^??? Sasha Dekleva, J. P. Shim, Upkar Varshney, Geoffrey Knoerzer (2007), "Evolution and emerging issues in mobile wireless networks", Communications of the ACM (?? ???????), ACM, vol. Vol. 50, No. 6, p. 38-43 {{ citation }}: |????= has extra text ( help ) ??????? ??????:??????? ?????:????? ????????? ( link )
↑ ≪Radio≫? Encyclopædia Britannica ? Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
↑ Zoran Bojkovic, Bojan Bakmaz (2008), "A Survey on Wireless Sensor Networks Deployment", Wseas Transactions on Communications (?? ???????), vol. Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 1172-1174 {{ citation }}: |????= has extra text ( help )
↑ ^??? ^??? F. Mico, P. Cuenca, L. Orozco-Barbosa (2004), "QoS in IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN: current research activities", Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. (?? ???????), vol. 1, p. 447 - 452 {{ citation }}: ??????? ??????:??????? ?????:????? ????????? ( link )
↑ Alan Sicher (2000), "HiperLAN12 and the Evolution of Wireless LANs", IEEE Emerging Technologies Symposium: Broadband, Wireless Internet Access (?? ???????)
↑ Ann Cavoukian, Wireless Communication Technologies: Safeguarding Privacy & Security, Information and Privacy Commissioner/Ontario Fact Sheet, Nov14 2007

?????? ????? [ ?????? ]

"??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? (Wireless Networking in the Developing World)" (PDF) (?? ???????). Hacker Friendly LLC . Retrieved 21 September 2010 .

[Goldsmith1-1] ??? ^??? Andrea Goldsmith ( ???? )? Wireless communications ? Cambridge University Press? ?. p? ? ? ???? ??????????

[Du-2] ??? ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? Ke-Lin Du, M. N. S. Swamy ( ???? )? Wireless Communication Systems: From RF Subsystems to 4G Enabling Technologies ? Cambridge University Press? ?. p? ?-? ? ???? ??????????

[Tse1-3-3] ???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? David Tse, Pramod Viswanath ( ???? )? Fundamentals of Wireless Communication ? Cambridge University Press? ?. pp? ?-? ? ???? ??????????

[Gans-4] ??? ^??? ^??? Joshua S. Gans, Stephen P. King and Julian Wright ( ???? )? Handbook of Telecommunications Economics, Volume 2: Technology Evolution and the Internet, ch. 7 ? North Holland? ?. p? ???-??? ? ???? ??????????

[Tse4-5] ??? ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? ^??? David Tse, Pramod Viswanath ( ???? )? Fundamentals of Wireless Communication ? Cambridge University Press? ?. p? ? ? ???? ??????????

[Sasha-6] ??? ^??? ^??? Sasha Dekleva, J. P. Shim, Upkar Varshney, Geoffrey Knoerzer (2007), "Evolution and emerging issues in mobile wireless networks", Communications of the ACM (?? ???????), ACM, vol. Vol. 50, No. 6, p. 38-43 {{ citation }}: |????= has extra text ( help ) ??????? ??????:??????? ?????:????? ????????? ( link )

[Britannica-7] ≪Radio≫? Encyclopædia Britannica ? Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc

[Zoran-8] Zoran Bojkovic, Bojan Bakmaz (2008), "A Survey on Wireless Sensor Networks Deployment", Wseas Transactions on Communications (?? ???????), vol. Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 1172-1174 {{ citation }}: |????= has extra text ( help )

[Barbosa-9] ??? ^??? F. Mico, P. Cuenca, L. Orozco-Barbosa (2004), "QoS in IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN: current research activities", Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. (?? ???????), vol. 1, p. 447 - 452 {{ citation }}: ??????? ??????:??????? ?????:????? ????????? ( link )

[Sicher-10] Alan Sicher (2000), "HiperLAN12 and the Evolution of Wireless LANs", IEEE Emerging Technologies Symposium: Broadband, Wireless Internet Access (?? ???????)

[11] Ann Cavoukian, Wireless Communication Technologies: Safeguarding Privacy & Security, Information and Privacy Commissioner/Ontario Fact Sheet, Nov14 2007

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