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???? ???????? ??? ??? ?? Occupational Outlook Handbook ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine ? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???.

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?????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???. ?????????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????. ???????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ????????. ?????????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????.

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??????????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????: ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ?????. ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ????????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ???? ?? ?????????????? ?? ??????????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? (??????? ???? ??? ? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????) (?? ??????? : Workstations ) ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ?????????]]

?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ "Yes, calling "programmer" to a "software engineer" is an insult" . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 .
↑ ≪Small ISVs: You need Developers, not Programmers≫ . ericsink.com . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
↑ "Developer versus programmer" . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 .
↑ ≪ " Developers" AND "Programmers " ≫ . weblogs.asp.net (?? ???????). ????-??-?? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
↑ "Programmer vs. Developer vs. Software Engineer" . Archived from the original on 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 .
↑ "Programmer vs. Developer vs. Software Engineer" .
↑ Fuegi, J.; Francis, J. (2003). Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes' . Annals of the History of Computing . Vol. 25. pp. 18?26. doi : 10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887 .
↑ ≪Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes ' ≫ . ieeexplore.ieee.org (?? ???????). doi : 10.1109/mahc.2003.1253887 . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
↑ "ENIAC Programmers Project" . Eniacprogrammers.org . Retrieved 2010-10-03 .
↑ "ABC News: First Computer Programmers Inspire Documentary" . Abcnews.go.com. 2007-12-04 . Retrieved 2010-10-03 .
↑ "International Programmers' Day" . Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2019 .

????? [ ?????? ]

?????????????? ?????????. ≪ Programmer ≫. ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ????.

???? ??????? ????? [ ?????? ]

Weinberg, Gerald M. , The Psychology of Computer Programming , New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971
An experiential study of the nature of programming work: Lucas, Rob. "Dreaming in Code" New Left Review 62, March?April 2010, pp. ???????.

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

"The Future of IT Jobs in America" article
How to be a programmer - An overview of the challenges of being a programmer
The US Department of Labor's description of " Computer Programmers "

[1] "Yes, calling "programmer" to a "software engineer" is an insult" . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 .

[2] ≪Small ISVs: You need Developers, not Programmers≫ . ericsink.com . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

[3] "Developer versus programmer" . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 .

[4] ≪ " Developers" AND "Programmers " ≫ . weblogs.asp.net (?? ???????). ????-??-?? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

[5] "Programmer vs. Developer vs. Software Engineer" . Archived from the original on 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 .

[6] "Programmer vs. Developer vs. Software Engineer" .

[7] Fuegi, J.; Francis, J. (2003). Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes' . Annals of the History of Computing . Vol. 25. pp. 18?26. doi : 10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887 .

[8] ≪Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes ' ≫ . ieeexplore.ieee.org (?? ???????). doi : 10.1109/mahc.2003.1253887 . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

[9] "ENIAC Programmers Project" . Eniacprogrammers.org . Retrieved 2010-10-03 .

[10] "ABC News: First Computer Programmers Inspire Documentary" . Abcnews.go.com. 2007-12-04 . Retrieved 2010-10-03 .

[11] "International Programmers' Day" . Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2019 .

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